Review Questions for A&P Lecture Exam

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

the four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are ____

the atoms are double bonded

the chemical symbol O=O means _____

gross

the study of the heart may incorporate many aspects of anatomy but as a whole you would say it is ____ anatomy

to maintain homeostasis

the main, general purpose of negative feedback is _____

cytology: study of the structures in a particular region

choose the anatomical topic and definition that is NOT correctly matched.

partially polar and partially nonpolar

a phospholipid is usually ______.

acidic

a solution that has a pH of 2 could best be described as being ____.

sodium

which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells?

a relatively stable environment, within limits

homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________.

7

atom X has seventeen protons, how may electrons are in its valence shell?

it is considered the cause of most diseases

which of the following statements is most correct of homeostatic imbalance

ionic compounds

salts are always _____.

2-1-4-3-5

place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex:

1. molecules
2. atoms
3. tissues
4. cells
5. organ

74 protons and the same number of electrons

if atom x has an atomic number of 74 it would have ______.

diaphysis

a fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ____.

osteoclast

bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

lacunae

the small spaces in bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live are called

is produced by secondary ossification centers

ossification of the ends of long bones _______.

fat

yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ___.

the sternum (breastbone) is a good source of blood-forming tissue

select the correct statement concerning the location of blood-forming tissue

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. the inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of _____.

parathyroid hormone

which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?

sarcoplasmic reticulum

an elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the ____.

sarcolemma

the muscle cell membrane is called the ___.

trabeculae

spongy bones are made up of a framework called ___.

the osteon

the structural unit of compact bone is ____.

hyaline cartilage

what kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

an ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue

for intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary

endomysium

which of the following sounds the individual muscle cell?

visual association area

an individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ___.

is formed mostly by the choroid plexuses and modified by ependymal cells

the cerebrospinal fluid ____.

lateral sulcus

the frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ___.

loss of ability to feel something (i.e. touch sensation)

injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following EXCEPT _____.

frontal from parietal

the central sulcus separates which lobes?

myelinated fibers, i.e. tracts

which of these would you NOT find in the superficial cerebral cortex?

sulcus

a shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ____.

sarcoplasmic reticulum

an elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the ____.

gyri

ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ____.

temporal lobe

the primary auditory cortex is located in the ___.

longitudinal fissure

the fissure separating the cerebral hemispheres is the ____.

corresponding areas of the two hemispheres

the function of commissures is to connect ____.

gray matter on the inside, white matter on the outside

the spinal cord has ____ and _____.

the posterior root ganglia of the spinal cord

cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in _____.

arachnoid and pia

the subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?

is considered a motor speech area

broca's area _____.

cervical

the __ nerve is NOT a branch of the trigeminal nerve.

posterior root of the spinal cord

neurons carrying information pass through the ___.

afferent nerves

nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ___.

horns

the pattern of gray matter in the spinal cord is divided into _____.

a complete loss of voluntary movement

if the anterior root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies

facial

a patient who received a blow to the side of the skull exhibits the following signs and symptoms on that side of the face: he is unable to close his eye, and the corner of his mouth droops. which cranial nerve has been damaged?

interneurons

if the grey matter of the spinal cord were to begin degenerating, which of the following structures would be breaking down?

olfactory

a fracture of the ethmoid bone could result in damage to which cranial nerve

supplies innervation to the lateral rectus muscle of the eye

the abducens nerve ____.

conus medullaris; cauda equina

the tapering end of the spinal cord ends at L1 is referred to as the ___, while the bundle of nerve roots that extend inferiorly from this point is the ____.

vestibulocochlear

problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve?

optic

mixed cranial nerves containing both motor and sensory fibers include all except which of the following?

thalamus

second-order neurons synapse with third-order neurons in the ___.

dermatome

the area of skin that sensory nerve fibers of a particular spinal nerve innervate is called a _____.

problems with walking

bill contracts a viral disease that destroys some of the cells in the anterior grey horns in the lumbar region of his spinal cord. as a result of the disease, which of the following would you expect?

decussate

many fibers extending through the descending tracts of the spinal cord's white matter cross form one side of the body to the other; in other words, these fibers ____.

20-20,000 vibrations per second

the range of human hearing is about ____

substances in solution

olfactory cells and taste buds are normally stimulated by ____

ganglion cells

there are three layers of neurons in the retina. the axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves?

facial

a patient who received a blow to the side of the skull exhibits the following signs and symptoms on that side of the face: he is unable to close his eye, and the corner of his mouth droops. which cranial nerve has been damaged?

cochlea

receptors for hearing are found in the ____

interneurons

if the grey matter of the spinal cord were to begin degenerating, which of the following structures would be breaking down?

cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

light passes through the following structures in which order?

convergence

damage to the medial recti muscles would probably affect ____.

vision in dim light

what is the main function of the rods in the eye?

corresponding areas of the two hemispheres

the function of commissures is to connect_____.

widely distributed throughout the body

receptors for the general senses are found ____

ciliary muscles contract

the lens of the eye thickens when the ______

scala vestibuli

the oval window is connected directly to which passageway?

red, green, and blue

the color receptors in the retina are most sensitive to light waves that are _____.

where the optic nerve leaves

the blind spot of the eye is _____

umami

the taste sensation that amino acids such as glutamic acid cause is ____.

dermatome

the area of skin that sensory nerve fibers of a particular spinal nerve innervate is called a ____

pharyngotympanic tube

which of the following structures is NOT part of the external ear?

sensory adaptation

the ability to ignore your socks around your ankles demonstrates ____.

alkaloids

you try eggplants for the first time and notice a very bitter taste. which of the following are you most likely tasting in the eggplant?

0.5% NaCl

consider a cell with total internal solute concentration of 0.9%. placing the cell in which bath solution would result in the cell increasing in mass?

phagocytosis

when a cell surrounds a large particle and then engulfs it, the process is called _____.

polar covalent; negatively

hydrogen bonds form between molecules containing ____ bonds; the hydrogen bond is between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and a partially ____ charged atom of another.

desmosomes

these junctions hold adjacent cells together and provide resistance to mechanical stress

diffusion

movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one where it is less concentrated is known as ____.

channel-mediated diffusion is a subtype of ____.

the sharing of two pairs of electrons

a double covalent bond involves ____

eight

when diagramming an atom, how many electrons can fir in each of the shells beyond the innermost shell?

microvilli

which of the following serve to increase the surface area of a cell for absorption and secretion?

more acidic and has a 1,000-fold increase in H+

compared to a solution with a pH of 7, a solution with a pH of 4 is _____

microtubule

which is a non-membrane bound organelle?

cholesterol

the lipid that stabilizes the membrane at extreme temperatures and is found in the hydrophobic regions of the bilayer is _____

pathologic anatomy

the anatomic changes that result from disease are studied under ____.

high specific heat, and this tends to keep body temperature relatively constant

water has a ____

outer layer of the cell membrane and they help in "cellular recognition"

glycolipids are found on the ____

hypertonic

crenation occurs when a cell is placed into a(n) ___

an increase in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels decline to the set point

if carbon dioxide levels rise in the body, negative feedback mechanisms will trigger ____.

electrostatic interactions between anions and cations

ionic bonds involve ____

structure and form

anatomy is the study of ____