neuro 23

SS

weak/narrow applied AI

• tailored for specific task

  • system is trained on specific data

  • specialized to recog and process specific data

  • doesnt easily expand to other tasks or generalize

strong/generalized AI

• preform many tasks

  • chatgpt

  • system constantly learning

  • combo of many AIs

supervised learning

input → feature extraction -→ classification → output

machine learning in AD

1. imaging given into machine learninng algorithim

2. researcher trains system to indentigy speficic biomarkers

3. researcher verify training

4. model used to classify/predict Alz disease diagnosis and trahectory

gamma

higher thinking

working memory

concentration

beta

increase when concentrated

make decisions

solve problems

iniatite movements

alpha

awake

alert but calm

increase when creative

theta

relaxation

peaks when fall asleep and as waking up

implicit learning

delta

deep sleep

REM

BCI

implant into hippocampus

CRISPR/Cas9

natural immune response to bacteria

*virus infects a bacterial cell, bacterial cell responds by:

1. create guide RNA that targets viral DNA (crispr)

2. sg RNA complexes with Cas9 enzyme

3. complex binds viral DNA at target segment & Cas9 unzips and cuts viral DNA

huntingtons

neurodenerative

caused by mutations in huntingtons gene (HTT)

supressing mutant HTT has been suggested as a therapy

HTT-KO models are lethal in mice

crisper viral vectors

1. rna encoding for Cas9

2. DNA encoding for RFP (red fluroescent protein)
   *verified thru immunofluriescent in DA neurons

CRISPR sumary

CRISPR/Cas9 was successfully introduced via AAV vectors.
CRISPR knockdown of HTT gene improved behavioral indices
• Marginal increases in rotarod
• Big improvements in balance beam
• Maintained grip strength
• No changes in body weight
CRISPR/Cas9 also improved neuronal markers of toxicity.

crispr

Delivery challenges into the brain
• The blood-brain barrier (BBB) makes it difficult to deliver CRISPR components (like Cas9 protein and guide RNAs) effectively. Current strategies explore viral vectors, nanoparticles, and focused ultrasound to bypass or transiently open the BBB.

Ethical and safety considerations around germline editing
• Editing germline cells (eggs, sperm, embryos) would cause changes that are heritable across generations. This raises profound ethical questions about consent, equity, and unintended consequences.

*natural response in bacteria

alzheimer

Identified biomarkers for AD classified based on Amyloid (A), Tau (T), or Neuronal (N)

• PET scans can accurately image amyloid and AB deposits in cortex
• PET can also be applied to visualize the accumulation of phosphorylated Tau
• Elevations of fibrillar Tau in CSF • Low A42/ A40 in CSF is a reliable indicator of pathology

Neuronal atrophy in MRI

What is the difference between weak AI and strong AI?

Weak AI is tailored for specific tasks and does not easily generalize, while strong AI can perform a variety of tasks and continuously learns from new inquiries.

What are the ethical considerations of AI use in neuroscience?

Ethical considerations include data bias, privacy, and identity issues.

How do AI techniques improve efficiency in neuroscience?

AI techniques enhance efficiency and precision in areas such as brain imaging analysis and behavioral neuroscience.

What are the basic principles of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning?

AI and machine learning involve using mathematical algorithms to simulate human intelligence, enabling systems to learn, make decisions, and predictions.

What is super AI?

an expression of human-level consciousness.

What is supervised learning in AI?

requires user input during the initial learning phase and evolves when coupled with deep learning.

What are some applications of AI in neuroscience?

Applications include diagnostic tools in clinical settings, automation of behavioral data, and brain-computer interfaces.

What biomarkers are used for diagnosing Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?

Biomarkers classified based on Amyloid (A), Tau (T), or Neuronal (N) are used for diagnosing AD.

What is the significance of low Aβ42/Aβ40 in CSF for Alzheimer's Disease?

Low Aβ42/Aβ40 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a reliable indicator of Alzheimer's pathology.

How does machine learning assist in diagnosing Alzheimer's Disease?

analyze imaging and biometrics to identify specific features (biomarkers) for AD diagnosis and trajectory prediction.

deep lab cut

AI software used for positional estimation and automating behavioral analysis in neuroscience.

What behavioral effects does cocaine produce at high doses?

At high doses or in addiction, cocaine produces stereotypy and strong locomotor behavior

What brain waves are associated with higher order cognition and decision-making?

Gamma waves are associated with higher order cognition, working memory, and concentration.

What are the ethical concerns surrounding brain-computer interfaces (BCIs)?

What are the ethical concerns surrounding brain-computer interfaces (BCIs)?

Concerns include privacy, agency, identity, augmentation pressures, and bias.

What is the CRISPR/Cas9 system?

vCRISPR/Cas9 is a natural immune response in bacteria that targets and cuts viral DNA.

How is CRISPR technology applied to Huntington's Disease

CRISPR is used to reduce HTT gene expression, which is mutated in Huntington's Disease.

What are the delivery methods for CRISPR components in neuroscience?

Delivery methods include viral vectors, nanoparticles, and focused ultrasound to bypass the blood-brain barrier.

What are the limitations of CRISPR technology?

Limitations include off-target effects, precision concerns, and delivery challenges into the brain.

What ethical questions arise from germline editing with CRISPR?

Ethical questions include consent, equity, and the implications of heritable changes.

What was the purpose of the CRISPR babies case?

diting embryos to make them resistant to HIV, raising ethical concerns about consent and justification.

What are the ethical considerations regarding consent in gene editing

Considerations include whether an unborn child can consent and how to approach consent for edits affecting future generations.

What is the distinction between therapeutic uses and enhancement in gene editing?

therapeutic uses aim to prevent disease, while enhancement seeks to improve traits like intelligence.

What impact did the CRISPR babies case have on public trust in science

The case raised concerns about public trust and highlighted the responsibilities of scientists in advancing controversial technologies.

What are the potential risks associated with using CRISPR for human gene editing?

risks include off-target effects, unintended consequences, and long-term safety concerns.

How does AI enhance behavioral analysis in neuroscience?

AI automates data collection and analysis, improving the accuracy and efficiency of behavioral studiees

What is the significance of neuronal atrophy in MRI for Alzheimer's Disease?

neuronal atrophy observed in MRI is an indicator of Alzheimer's Disease

What is the role of AI in brain imaging for Alzheimer's Disease?

AI is used to analyze brain imaging data to identify biomarkers and assist in diagnosing Alzheimer's Disease.