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What is Rostow's Modernisation Theory?
Traditional, preconditions for take off, take off, drive to maturity, mass consumption
how a country changes over time (primary industry → quarternary)
standards of living improve
What is Frank's dependency theory?
poorer countries stay poor because they are dependent on richer ones
Richer countries exploit poorer ones through neo-colonialism through TNC's e.g. Apple, Nike etc
Poor countries given loans to develop but this just puts them in debt to richer countries
e.g. poor countries will sell things like wood to rich countries. rich countries take this wood, turn it into a table and sell it back to poor countries for a higher price
Globalisation
process of countries becoming more integrated
How are TNC's (transnational corporations) increasing globalisation?
make products in one country and sell them in another e.g. Apple
Link countries together through sale of goods
They spread culture through foods, fashions etc
nfluence what things people want to buy
economic liberalisation - How are governments increasing globalisation?
Free trade - reducing tariffs on goods so its easier and cheaper to buy and sell things
Investment - invest in education to attract TNC's with more skilled workers
Privatisation - sell services (e.g. trains) to private companies to run
What are the positives of TNCs
Provide jobs
more tax for governments
help develop a country with infrastructure e.g. roads, communication etc.
better world relations,
outsourcing,
FDI
What are the negatives of TNCs
profits often go back to the developed country (low taxes)
environmental problems e.g. toxic waste,
can leave at any time (leaving people jobless)
have too much power over governments
explotation
India’s location
Its neighbours are Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka (all poorer than India)
It has 1000s of miles of coastline so has many ports
deep harbours
near Middle east (oil trade)
its time difference (around 5 hours) makes it ideal for TNCs looking for a 24 hour operation
India’s history
It was a British colony - many people speak English
Economy - changed since 1990
wealthier
Exports have changed from low value goods e.g. tea to high value goods e.g. machinery
Large inequality - some very wealthy, some very poor
shifted from primary → tertiary
globalisation impacts
50% of Indians now have a mobile phone
Large TNC's e.g. Microsoft & Coca Cola have set up in India
development
cultural erasure
government impacts on developmnet
96% of kids now in compulsory education = more skilled workers
Railways, ports and airports being upgraded to allow more visitors and easier access.
Maharashtra
wealthy
coastal (ME)
half Mumbai’s factory workers make clothes
2nd largest port
highest GDP
Bihar
poorer area
less money to afford food so health problems occur.
Less money for education (millions trying to be educated) so people are less skilled. 47% literacy
Lack of infrastructure. (59% electricity)
Water only available for a few hours
lowest GDP
2% reach KS5
development environmental impacts
More factories and cars = more air pollution (affecting health)
Increase in slums means 70% of sewage flows into rivers
Increase in wealth leads to more energy demands, increasing burning of fossil fuels
India problems
300 million on less than a dollar
Pakistan (Kashmir dispute)
rich people avoid tax
high population
inequalities
environment
Member of ____
G20, UN, World bank, BRICS
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