APUSH midterm

fml

3 sister farming

crops planted together in the same area (corn, beans, and squash) so they could help each other grow

william penn

quaker who came to america on a grant from the royal family and formed the colony of Pennsylvania

bacon’s rebellion

group of army volunteers lead by nathaniel bacon that rioted against the government.

mercantilism

economic policy where colonies provided raw materials to the mother country and they would ship finished products back

Navigation Laws

1650-1673 England passes acts about trade to colonies- basically all trade to and from colonies has to go through england.

indentured servants

people from England who couldnt pay a debt, etc. may have had to come to America with their master and work until they were free

The French and Indian War

1754-1763 French vs Britain in the colonies, British win. Aka seven yrs war

second great awakening

religious movement that began in early 19th century- reaction against the rationalism of the enlightenment many went to protestantism. inspired social reform (abolition and temperence)

common sense

1776- a pamphlet by Thomas Paine that argued that the colonies had the right to be an independent nation

Declaration of independence

1776- The second continental congress issues statement explaining why the colonies wanted/ were declaring independence from Britain

Articles of Confederation

first government of the US- very weak federal government that gave too much power to the states

The Great Compromise

compromise between the new jersey (senate) and Virginia (house) plans- to have both senate and HOR

Federalist

a person who supporting the ratification of the Constitution and a strong central government (Hamilton)

Democratic Republicans

favored the common man and a weak central government, national bank bad (jefferson)

Alexander Hamilton

First sec. of the treasury, created a national bank, wanted to assume states debts, and a tariff system to pay debts, federalist/strong central gov

Columbian Exchange

exchange of plants animals and diseases between the old and new worlds after the discovery

Missouri compromise

an 1820 compromise by Henry Clay, prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana territory (lat 36 30)

enlightenment

philosophical movement that started in europe and spread to the colonies. emphasized reason and the scientific method. rejected traditional religious beliefs for deism

seneca falls convention

1848- womens rights convention wrote ‘declaration of sentiments’ which declared all men and women equal

frederick douglass

american abolitionist and writer that escaped slavery and became an advocate for abolition and a writer

Henry Clay

developed the American System, MO compromise, War Hawk and the great compromiser

popular sovereignty

belief that the people should have the power to make decisions- happened in Kansas and Nebraska w slavery

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence and was the 3rd president of the us- Democratic Republican

Second Continental Congress

1775- managed the colonial war effort debate and ultimately adopted the Dec. of Independence in 1776

Andrew Jackson

7th president of the US and general in the war of 1812. Opposed the bank of America and was hated by the ‘whigs’

Mayflower Compact

Agreement of create a govt in the colony, sets a precedent for colonists being self governed

salutary neglect

unofficial british policy of allowing the colonies to avoid british trade regulations/ laws while they were fighting with France in Europe

corrupt bargain

John Quincy Adams gets the presidency, Henry Clay gets Sec. of State, Jackson gets nothing in the 6th presidential election

cult of domesticity

middle/upper class ideal that a woman’s place was in the home teaching children

William Lloyd Garrison

started an abolitionist paper, the Liberator. Helped form the New England antislavery society. Critiqued the government for being proslavery throughout the civil war

Kansas Nebraska Act

for the leftover land in the Louisiana purchase that repealed the MO compromise and let the states use popular sovereignty to decide about slavery

Dred Scott

black people/slaves were not considered citizens, instead considered property which meant congress couldnt prohibit slavery in the territories/ give Dred Scott rights (leads to civil war)

Emancipation Proclamation

Freed slaves in Southern Territory, didnt actually have power but inspired slaves to escape and weakened the south during the war

Congressional Reconstruction

period after the civil war where Northern political leaders created plans to reintegrate the south to the union (used the plan of having soldiers placed in the south until that was repealed)

10% plan

said that a southern state could be readmitted into the union once 10 percent of the voters swore an oath of allegiance to the union

Radical Republicans

Were committed to protecting and expanding the rights of African Americans, lasted until the reconstruction ended

13th amendment

freed slaves

14th amendment

gave slaves citizenship

15th amendment

male slaves could vote

Compromise of 1850

1. california is a free state 2. pop sovereignty in utah and new mexico 3. texan surrenders claim to territory in NM (north gets better deal, NM and UT become free states and soon slave trade in DC will be prohibited)

predestination

Calvinists believed in this idea that God had already decided if you were going to heaven or hell before you were even born

visible saints

leaders of the massachusetts bay colony who said that God had spoken to them

National Bank

created by Alexander Hamilton, he asks Congress to charter this jointly owned by private stockholders/ the national govt. To give America credit/ pay debts

Tecumseh

Shawnee warrior chief that organized a NA confederacy to stop white settlement in the Northwest Territory- killed at the battle of the Thames

Lexington and Concord

British attempt to raid the colonist’s supplies and men- the colonists fight back and effectively make the British retreat- start of the revolutionary war (shot heard round the world)

John Marshall

First supreme court justice- set many precedents for the supreme court (being the interpreter of the constitution) to balance all the branches

Abraham Lincoln

16th president of the US, member of the republican party, wrote the emancipation proclamation and the gettysburg address, lead the union through the civil war, was assasinated

John C. Calhoun

defended slavery and was a state’s rights activist , VP for JQA, and wrote the doctrine of nullification (states can decide if a federal law is unconstitutional)

Copperheads

‘peace democrats’ in the 1860s, democrats in the union who opposed the civil war and wanted peace with the confederates

fugitive slave law

1850- required that slaves need to be returned to their owners if they escape, even if they are in a free state.

lewis and clark

went on a exploration of the western part of the future united states

Daniel Webster

a great orator and influential statesmen, he helped achieve the webster-ashburton treaty that defined the maine boundary

slave trade

the process of bringing Africans over to the new world to become slaves in the americas, a cruel process that separated families/was horribly inhumane

zachary taylor

military leader, mexican american war hero, and the 12th president. He was anti slavery and supported the wilmont proviso (no slavery in territories received from mexico

Iroquois confederacy

five Native American tribes in the New York area (Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca) formed to defend each other/their land from invasion.

Stephen Douglas

Championed popular sovereignty, influential in both the compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska act. Ran against Lincoln in both a senate and presidential race.

Immigration

Irish (dealing with famine and poverty) and German (dealing with unstable government) came to America in the millions, nativists are strongly opposed especially to the Irish who are Catholic and taking over cities

Aroostook War

Series of Clashes between American and Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed territory of Maine, resolved when a permanent boundary was set in 1842. (Webster-Ashberton treaty) (flannels are flying)

Manifest Destiny

The 19th century belief that the expansion of the US west was justified and inevitable, and destined by God

Gettysburg

Battle fought July 1-3 1863, with the largest number of casualties in the Civil War and is described as the turning point for the Union in the War. Lincoln gives famous address.

Puritans

non separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. Settled in the Massachusetts Bay area.

The Elect

Calvinistic belief that there is a group of souls who God selected to be predetermined for Heaven.

Nullification Crisis of 1832

South Carolina was upset about the Tariff of Abominations (48%) so they decided to nullify it. They threaten to secede if it is not lowered. Congress reduces the tariff gradually and SC doesn’t secede (yet)

Mormons

Religious followers of Joesph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic, religious order in the 1830s (prospered in the Utah territory)

Unitarians

They believe in a unitary deity, reject the divinity of Christ, and emphasize the inherent goodness of mankind. Caught on in New England at the end of the 18th century.

Order of the Star Spangled Banner

An oath bound secret society in NYC created in 1849 by Charles Allen to protest the rise of Irish, Roman Catholic, and German immigrants into the United States (nativists).

South Carolina Exposition

South Carolina is threatening to secede due to the tariff of abominations and J.C. Calhoun writes this, stating that states have the right to nullify federal laws.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

an Abolitionist, human right’s activist and a leader of the women’s rights movement. Organized the Seneca Falls Convention for women’s suffrage and wrote and read the 1848 Declaration of Sentiments.

Established Church

In Maryland, the THIS was formed as a colony where Catholics would be free from persecution. In Rhode Island an THIS was formed as well for all persecuted religions.

Presbyterians

A branch of reformed Protestantism which was among the first immigrants to America. New England Puritans practiced their system of church government

Hartford convention

a meeting of new england federalists in the winter of 1814-15. These Federalists opposed the war of 1812 and held this convention to discuss and seek redress by Washington for their complaints. (didnt accomplish much)

Anglican

Relating to or denoting the Church of England or any Church in communion with it

Rush Bagot Agreement

between the US and Britain concerning the Canadian border in 1817. (peace between the two)

Anaconda Plan

A military Strategy proposed by the Union General Winfield Scott. A naval blockade in confederate ports, cutting off access to the Mississippi, and cutting off the South.

Albany Congress

1754- Representatives from colonies and Native American chiefs met to try to secure the Native Americans support in fighting the French and to form a colonial alliance (Join or Die snake)

Bleeding Sumner

1856- In a senate meeting, Preston Brooks (pro slavery from Carolina) attacks Charles Sumner with a walking cane (abolitionist from Mass.)

Freeport Doctrine

Stated the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. Stated by Stephen Douglas.

Gaining Florida Territory

Received during the Adams-Onis (1819) treaty with Mexico, they ceded the east then relinquished the west for 5 million dollars in damages.

Gaining Louisiana Territory

Thomas Jefferson makes a deal with Napoleon (needs money for war) in 1803- 15 million dollars for 827,000 sq miles (3 cents per acre)

Gaining Texas Territory

Mexico invites Americans into their territory if they are Catholic and dont own slaves- Americans fight for the territory eventually they are just waiting to become a slave state. In 1844 the Tyler Texas treaty is created and eventually Texas is added as a state.

Gaining the Mexican Cession

After the Mexican American war, they sign the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848. America pays 15 million dollars for 525,000 square miles.

Gaining Oregon Territory

Polk says ‘54, 40 or fight’ for the border with Canada- 49, 40 is where they settle and they gain this land officially

Gaining the Gadsden Purchase

A treaty between the US and Mexico in 1854 to solve border disputes, US wants to build the transcontinental railroad, 10 million for 29,000 miles of land.