Unit I Review: European Exploration and Colonization

European Exploration

Initial overseas ventures by Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands, England.

God, Gold, Glory

Motive for European exploration: religion, wealth, fame.

Christopher Columbus

Sailed in 1492, first European in North America.

New France

French territory in North America focused on fur trade.

New Amsterdam

Dutch settlement, now New York, known for trade.

House of Burgesses

First representative assembly in British America, established 1619.

Plymouth Colony

Founded by Pilgrims seeking religious freedom in 1620.

Indentured Servants

Laborers contracted to work for a set period.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 uprising against Virginia government by indentured servants.

King Philip's War

Conflict between Native Americans and New England settlers.

Mercantilism

Economic policy prioritizing national wealth through trade.

Salutary Neglect

British policy of relaxed enforcement of colonial regulations.

French and Indian War

Conflict between Britain and France over North American territory.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended French and Indian War; Britain gained significant territory.

Proclamation Line of 1763

Restricted colonial expansion west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Sugar Act (1764)

Tax on sugar and molasses to raise revenue from colonies.

Stamp Act

Direct tax requiring stamps on printed materials in colonies.

Sons of Liberty

Group opposing British taxation and advocating for colonial rights.

Joint Stock Company

Business entity where investors share profits and risks.

Casta System

Social hierarchy in Spanish colonies based on race.

Metis

Mixed-race individuals in French colonial territories.

Great Migration

Mass movement of Puritans to New England in the 1630s.

Tobacco Economy

Economic reliance on tobacco cultivation in Southern colonies.

Urban Enslaved Population

High concentration of enslaved individuals in urban areas.

Divine Right of Kings

Political doctrine asserting monarchs derive authority from God.

Albany Plan

Proposal to unify colonies for defense against French.

Join or Die

Political cartoon advocating for colonial unity during conflict.

War Debt

Financial obligations incurred by Britain after the French and Indian War.

Pecletory Act

Parliament's authority to pass any law.

Virtual Representation

Colonial representation without direct voting rights.

Townshend Acts

Taxes on imported goods like glass and tea.

Boston Massacre

Conflict between British soldiers and colonists.

Tea Act

Monopoly on tea sales to colonies.

Coercive Acts

Punitive measures against Massachusetts after Boston Tea Party.

First Continental Congress

Meeting to address Coercive Acts in Philadelphia.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

First military engagements of the American Revolution.

Battle of Bunker Hill

Early battle showing colonial resistance despite ammunition shortage.

Olive Branch Petition

Last attempt at reconciliation with Britain.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point that gained French support for colonists.

Valley Forge

Winter encampment with severe supply shortages.

Battle of Yorktown

Final major battle leading to British surrender.

Treaty of Paris 1783

Ended the Revolutionary War, recognized U.S. independence.

Articles of Confederation

First governing document, weak federal authority.

Shays' Rebellion

Uprising highlighting weaknesses of the Articles.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting to draft the new U.S. Constitution.

Bicameral Legislature

Two-house legislative system proposed by Madison.

3/5 Compromise

Counted enslaved individuals as 3/5 for representation.

Federalists

Supported a strong central government.

Anti-Federalists

Opposed the Constitution, favored state power.

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments protecting individual liberties.

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Assumed state debts, created a national bank.

Jay's Treaty

Agreement to resolve issues with Britain.

XYZ Affair

Diplomatic incident leading to quasi-war with France.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws limiting immigration and free speech.

Election of 1800

Peaceful transfer of power from Adams to Jefferson.

Louisiana Purchase

Acquisition of territory from France, doubling U.S. size.

Embargo Act

Prohibited trade to punish Britain and France.