OTC Exam 3 - Vitamins & Minerals

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, K

What is absorption of fat-soluble vitamins facilitated by?

Bile

Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored?

Body tissues

What drugs affect lipid absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?

Cholestyramine (Questran); Orlistat (Xenical, Alli); Mineral Oil

What is vitamin A?

Retinoids and Carotenoids

What is the function of vitamin A?

Normal growth and reproduction

What does a deficiency of vitamin A cause?

Night blindness, loss of appetite, impaired taste and smell, follicular hyperkeratosis, impaired equilibrium

What is the UL of vitamin A?

3 mg/day (10,000 IU)

What conditions can lead to excessive vitamin A excretion?

Celiac or Crohn's disease, cancer, TB, pneumonia, prostate disease

What vitamins have teratogenic effects in pregnant women?

Vitamin A

What foods can you find vitamin A in?

Liver, milk fat, egg yolk, dark green leafy veggies, apricots, cantaloupes, peaches, carrots

What is the name for the toxic syndrome from body storing too much Vitamin A?

Hypervitaminosis A

What is the name for vitamin D?

Calciferol

What foods can you find vitamin D in?

Milk, egg yolk, liver, salmon, tuna, sardines

What is the name for vitamin D3?

Cholecalciferol

What is the name for vitamin D2?

Ergocalciferol

What is the function of vitamin D?

Bone formation, mineral homeostasis, treatment of hypocalcemia

What is the tolerable UL for vitamin D?

100 mcg/day (4000 IU)

What is the classic vitamin D deficiency state called in kids?

Rickets

What is the classic vitamin D deficiency state called in adults?

Osteoporosis

What can hypervitaminosis D cause?

Hypercalcemia, soft tissue calcification, kidney stones

What is vitamin E called?

Tocopherol and tocotrienols

What foods can you find vitamin E in?

Wheat germ, vegetable oils, margarine, green leafy vegetables, milk fat, egg yolks, nuts

What is the function of vitamin E?

Antioxidant

What can happen if someone has hypervitaminosis E?

CHF, hermorrhagic stroke, fetal loss

What is the function of vitamin K?

Promotes synthesis of clotting factors; bone mineralization; prevention of osteoporosis

What food can you find vitamin K in?

Liver, vegetable oil, spinach, kale, cabbage, cauliflower

What are some possible causes of vitamin K deficiency?

Malabsorption syndromes, bowel resections, intestinal disease/ resection

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

Vitamin C and B-complex vitamins

True or false: water-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body, they are excreted in the urine

True!

What is vitamin C called?

Ascorbic acid

What vitamin is known as the "fresh food" vitamin?

Vitamin C

What is the function of vitamin C?

Biosynthesis of collagen; bone and tooth formation; helps absorption of nonheme iron from the blood

Large doses of vitamin C can help prevent and treat ______________________

The common cold

Profound dietary deficiency of vitamin C can cause what?

Scurvy

What are the side effects of a megadose of vitamin C?

Nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea, and nephrolithiasis

Vitamin C in doses of 1 gram daily with 400 IU of vitamin E can cause what?

Fetal loss and perinatal death

Who should avoid high doses of vitamin C?

Those with recurrent renal stone formation or renal dysfunction

What drugs can have an interaction with vitamin C?

Cholestyramine, Orlistat, mineral oil

What is the name for vitamin B12?

Cyanocobalamin

Where can you find vitamin B12?

Liver, meat, poultry, oysters, clams, dairy products

What is the function of vitamin B12?

Metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrate

What vitamin is necessary for the metabolism of folates, lipids, and formation of myelin?

Vitamin B12

What is the dose for vitamin B12?

2.4 mcg/day

What medications may decrease the absorption of vitamin B12?

Metformin, colchicine, anticonvulsants, ascorbic acid supplements, tetracyclines

Where is vitamin B12 only found?

Animal protein

What can deficiency of vitamin B12 be caused by?

Poor absorption, reduced intestinal motility, atrophic gastritis

What are medications that can cause B12 deficiencies?

PPI, H2RA, metformin

Vegetarians should be encouraged to supplement with what vitamin?

Vitamin B12

What are some symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency?

Weak muscles, numb, tingling, nausea, irritability, tachycardia, smooth tender tongue, neurologic disorders

What is folic acid called?

Pteroyl glutamic acid, folate

What is the function of folic acid?

Cell division, DNA production, brain and spinal cord development

What can cause a folic acid deficiency?

Alcohol use disorder, malabsorption, food faddism, liver disease

What are the symptoms of folic acid deficiency?

Sore mouth, diarrhea, and CVS symptoms

What is the normal dosing for folic acid?

400 mcg daily for childbearing age and 400-800 mcg daily for pregnancy, alcoholism, and hemolytic anemias

What is niacin called?

Nicotinic acid

What is the function of niacin?

Electron transfer agents (NAD, NADP)

What can deficiency of niacin cause?

Pellagra - often found in alcoholics or poorly nourished persons of advanced age

What are the clinical features of pellagra?

"3D's" - dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia

What is the dosing for niacin?

16 mg/day; 35 mg/day is UL

What is the tx dose of niacin for pellagra?

150-500 mg daily

What is the tc dose of niacin for hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia?

1-2 g TID

What vitamin can cause flushing?

Niacin

What pharmacological measures can be taken to help with flushing from niacin?

Aspirin 325mg or Ibuprofen 200mg 30-60 minutes before Niacin dose

What is vitamin B6 called?

Pyridoxine

What is the main function of vitamin B6?

Important cofactor for more than 60 enzymes

What can vitamin B6 deficiency be caused by?

Alcohol use disorder, severe diarrhea, maladaptive syndromes

What is the clinical presentation of vitamin B6 deficiency?

Pellagra-like dermatitis, oral lesions, scaliness around nose, mouth, and eyes

What is the normal dosing for vitamin B6?

1.3 mg/day

What is the name for vitamin B1?

Thiamine

What is the main function of vitamin B1?

Kreb's cycle/ biochemical conversion cycles

What condition can vitamin B1 deficiency cause?

Beriberi

What are the signs and symptoms of Beriberi?

Peripheral neuritis, weakness, Wernicke's encephalopathy

What are some potential drug-nutrient interactions with vitamin B1?

Diuretics increase urinary excretion of thiamine

What is the name for vitamin B2?

Riboflavin

What is the name for vitamin H?

Biotin

What three vitamins do we normally group together?

Pantothenic acid, vitamin B2, vitamin H

What is the primary function of pantothenic acid?

Gluconeogenesis

What is the primary function of riboflavin?

Maintain vision

What is the primary function of biotin?

Carbohydrate, fat, and amino acid metabolism

What is the vitamin-like compound that is a pseudovitamine called?

Choline

Where is choline found?

Most living cells

Choline is known as __________ and is in phospholipids in ________________________. It is also found in ___________ tissue.

Lecithin; phospholipids; nerve

What is the function of choline?

A precursor to acetylcholine

What are some common minerals in the body?

Calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus

What are some common trace elements in the body?

Copper, fluoride, iodine, zinc

What is the function of calcium?

Regulates muscle contraction and relaxation

What is the function of iron?

Oxygen and electron transport

What is the function of magnesium?

Bone structure formation, nerve and muscle electrical potentials, electronic impulses

What is the function of phosphorus?

Any metabolic process, structural component of bone matrix

What is the function of copper?

Proper structure and function of CNS

What is the function of fluoride?

Bone formation and tooth enamel

What is the function of iodine?

Synthesizes thyroxine and triiodothyronine

What is the function of zinc?

Cofactor for synthesis of DNA and RNA; cellular immune function