AP World History Unit 6

Nationalism

A feeling of intense loyalty to others who share the same language, customs and culture as you

Imperialism

Establishing overseas colonies based upon a belief of biological superiority

Sino-Japanese War

Nationalist pride in Japan had caused incursions in Korea, which angered China and led to the conflict, in which Japan won and kept most of Korea as well as Taiwan

Phrenologists

People who studied skull sizes and shapes and believed that the smaller skull size proved superiority over Africans, native americans, and asians

Social Darwinism

The theory that imperialism is justified because of Darwins theory of survival of the fittest

Suez Canal

A canal built to vastly decrease the time it took to transport goods from Europe to Asia. It was later seized by Britain from the Ottomans after unrest in the region threatened British commercial interests

Corvée Laborers

Used to build the Suez Canal, these people were unpaid workers who were forced to work as a form of taxation

Sierra Leone

Established by the British as a home for freed people who had been enslaved in the empire

Settler colony

Territories where foreign settlers establish permanent homes, displacing indigenous populations to build new societies controlled by the metropole

Berlin Conference

To solve tensions between European powers caused by the scramble for Africa, this meeting was called to evenly divide Africa into colonies in an orderly fashion. No African leaders were invited.

Afrikaners

The descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers situated in South Africa

Boer Wars

Wars fought between the British and Afrikaners over land within South Africa which ultimately led to Africans and Afrikaners being forced from their homes.

King Leopold II

The king of Belgium who took advantage of the Congo Free State, forcing the indigenous people into forced labor to gather rubber, often imposing harsh punishments such as the hand tax if they failed to meet their quotas.

Seven Years War

The war which Britain forced France out of India

Taiping Rebellion

A failed civil servant leader was followed by starving peasants, workers and miners to attempt to overthrow the Qing government but was stopped because of aid from British and French intervention as well as the help of warlords.

Boxer Rebellion

ordered by the empress dowager Cixi, an anti-imperialist group called the boxers attacked and killed Chinese Christians as well as foreigners and missionaries

Trail of Tears

the forced migration of Native American people from the southeast to modern day Oklahoma. So many people died from exposure, malnutrition, disease, and exhaustion that this became known as the name

Monroe Doctrine

A decree that European nations should not intervene with the affairs of countries in the western hemisphere.

Manifest Destiny

A natural and inevitable right for Americans to expand towards the pacific ocean

Roosevelt Corollary

This stated that if countries in Latin America demonstrated "instability," the US would intervene

Indian Removal Act

The act that led to the trail of tears which forced Native Americans from southeast America to Oklahoma

Ghost Dance

Meant to hasten the belief that the Native American dead would come back and drive out the white people, restoring the lands and traditions of the natives

Sepoy Rebellion

Indian soldiers who were under British employment grew furious because rifle cartridges were being greased with cow and pig fat, which was offensive to both the Hindus and muslims. They had an uprising in Northern India and were put down, but this marked the emergence of Indian nationalism

Indian National Congress

After receiving education in Europe, many Indians returned home and created this to at first air grievances to the colonial government but later called for self rule.

Australia

Britain began sending convicts and soldiers here to establish colonies and while the aboriginal people were supposed to be respected, thousands died trying to defend their resources and territories from European settlers

Treaty of Waitangi

In this treaty, Britain had promised to protect the land rights of the Maori people. This would eventually lead to the Maori wars because of the encroachment and taking of Maori land which went against this treaty.

Pan-Africanism

Western-educated Africans developed a shared identity and nationalism known as this

Railroads

This created a cheaper, more efficient way to transport goods to the interior of continents

Cecil Rhodes

Owner of the De Beers Diamonds that wanted to create a railroad stretching from Egypt to South Africa to take as much materials as possible and make governance over the British colonies easier

Steamships

These became practical in shipping goods and people across bodies of waters and along rivers

Telegraph

This helped to make news travel instantaneously worldwide instead of taking weeks and months to travel

Cash crops

These were grown for their commercial value rather than their use for those who grew them. These included tea, sugar, oil palms, cotton, rubber and coffee

Guano

This bat and seabird excrement was mined in Peru and Chile by polynesian and chinese workers because of its agricultural value, being rich in nitrates and phosphates

Export economies

Systems heavily reliant on producing raw materials, cash crops, or manufactured goods for foreign markets rather than domestic consumption

Rubber

This was made from the latex sap of trees and vines and was used to produce tires, hoses, gaskets, waterproof clothing, shoe soles, etc

Palm oil

This was required for the constant lubrication of European machinery in factories

Ivory

This was made from the tusks of elephants and was prized for its beauty and durability. It was used to make piano keys, billiard balls, knife handles, and ornamental carvings.

Apartheid

Legalized racial segregation in South Africa implemented by Cecil Rhodes

Monocultures

because of cash crops, this became prominent and is a lack of agricultural diversity

Economic imperialism

Foreign business interests having great economic power and influence taking advantage of natural resources beyond their borders

Opium

An addictive drug that relieves pain and reduces stress. British forced India to grow this to force China into trading with them

Opium War

A war between Britain and China that started because of a blockade by the Chinese navy from Canton, the only port open to foreigners. Britain would engage in several battles, later occupying Canton and Nanking.

Treaty of Nanking

Because of the Opium Wars, China was required to open four ports to foreigners, give Hong Kong to Britain and pay damages as well as allow for free trade in this treaty

Spheres of influence

Nations forcing other nations to give them exclusive trading rights in that area

Banana republics

A term coined by O. Henry for small Central American countries under the economic power of foreign based corporations

Indentured servitude

People who worked for a set number of years before becoming free in return for transportation or to pay off a debt

Contract laborers

Unskilled laborers and porters who were exploited as substitutes for slave labor who worked for subsistence wages

Emigrate

The act of leaving one's native country or region to settle permanently or temporarily in another, driven by factors like economic hardship, conflict, or persecution

Great Famine

A hardship that destroyed the potato crop in Ireland for four years, causing as many as 3 million to emigrate from Ireland

Ethnic enclaves

Clusters or neighborhoods of people from the same foreign country formed in major cities

Mohandas Gandhi

He arrived in South Africa intending to practice law but suffered from discrimination forcing him to turn to activism. He later returned to india and helped lead the indian nationalist movement against british rule

Chinese Exclusion Act

An act passed by United States congress banning the further immigration of Chinese people into the states which shows the discrimination within the country

Chinatowns

A Chinese enclave which developed in cities across the world and is still a prominent part of city life today

Charles Darwin

A British naturalist who published On the Origin of Species in 1859, introducing the theory of evolution through natural selection. His ideas were later misappropriated by Social Darwinists to justify imperialism and racial hierarchy, even though Darwin himself never intended this.

East India Company

A British joint-stock company founded in 1600 that initially focused on trade in Asia but eventually became the de facto ruler of large parts of India. It maintained its own army and governed territories until the British Crown took direct control after the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857.

Dutch East India Company

A Dutch joint-stock company founded in 1602 that dominated trade in Southeast Asia, particularly in the spice trade. It established colonies in modern-day Indonesia and was one of the earliest and most powerful multinational corporations in history.

King Leopold II

The king of Belgium who took advantage of the Congo Free State, forcing the indigenous people into forced labor to gather rubber, often imposing harsh punishments such as the hand tax if they failed to meet their quotas.

Commodore Matthew Perry

An American naval commander who arrived in Japan in 1853 with a fleet of warships and demanded that Japan open its ports to American trade. His arrival ended Japan's centuries-long isolationist policy and eventually triggered the Meiji Restoration.