Understanding Mood Disorders and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Therapeutic approach addressing thoughts and behaviors.

Challenging Situation

A scenario causing significant stress or anxiety.

Physiological Reactions

Bodily responses like increased heart rate or sweating.

Automatic Thoughts

Immediate, often negative thoughts in response to situations.

Cognitive Distortions

Irrational thought patterns leading to negative emotions.

Alternate Thoughts

Reframed perspectives to improve emotional responses.

Mood Disorders

Psychological conditions characterized by severe mood changes.

Depressive Episode

Low mood lasting at least two weeks with symptoms.

Mania

Elevated mood state often leading to impulsive behavior.

Major Depressive Episode

Severe depression with cognitive and physical symptoms.

Individual vs. Collective Societies

Cultural distinction affecting mental health perspectives.

Sociocultural Factors

Cultural influences impacting the prevalence of disorders.

DSM-5

Diagnostic manual for mental health disorders.

Bipolar Disorder

Mood disorder with alternating depressive and manic episodes.

Feelings of Worthlessness

Negative self-assessment common in depressive episodes.

Altered Sleeping Patterns

Changes in sleep duration or quality during mood disorders.

Significant Weight Changes

Noticeable gain or loss of weight linked to mood disorders.

Listlessness

Lack of energy or enthusiasm for activities.

Suicide Risk

Increased danger of self-harm in severe depression.

Therapist's Role

Guide clients to healthier thought patterns and interpretations.

Volunteer Orientation

Event for new volunteers to learn about responsibilities.

Cognitive Symptoms

Thought-related issues like indecisiveness during mood disorders.

Anhedonia

Inability to experience pleasure or enjoyment.

Average duration of depressive episode

Typically lasts 9 months untreated.

Behavioral activation

Level of engagement in activities and behaviors.

Manic episode

High mood state with exaggerated elation or joy.

Extreme pleasure in mania

Patients may feel continuous orgasm-like pleasure.

Sleep requirements in mania

Patients require very little sleep.

Grandiose plans

Beliefs of being able to achieve anything.

Flight of ideas

Rapid, incoherent speech due to many ideas.

Impulsive behavior in mania

Reckless actions like spending life savings.

Hypomanic episode

Less severe manic episode without major impairment.

Unipolar depression

Condition with only depressive episodes.

Bipolar mood disorder

Condition alternating between depression and mania.

Euthymia

Periods of normal mood between episodes.

Remission

Full recovery for at least two months.

Partial remission

Retaining some symptoms after episodes.

Depressive disorders

Characterized by sad, empty, or irritable mood.

Somatic symptoms

Bodily changes affecting functioning capacity.

Psychomotor retardation

Slowed movements due to depressive symptoms.

Psychomotor agitation

Increased, jerky movements due to symptoms.

Major Depressive Disorder

Defined by DSM-5 criteria for depressive episodes.

Duration and timing

Differentiates types of depressive disorders.

DSM-5 criteria for mania

Requires at least one week duration.

Average duration of manic episode

Typically lasts two to six months untreated.

Grief

Sadness from loss, often temporary.

Symptoms Overlap

Shared symptoms between grief and depression.

Clinician Discretion

Clinicians determine diagnosis based on symptoms.

Suicidal Ideas

Thoughts of self-harm or suicide.

Severe Impairment

Significant dysfunction in daily activities.

Single Episode

Diagnosis for one depression occurrence.

Recurrent Episode

Two or more depression episodes with breaks.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Chronic depression lasting at least two years.

Comorbidity

Co-occurrence of multiple mental disorders.

Double Depression

Persistent depression with major depressive episodes.

Anxious Distress

Anxiety symptoms accompanying depressive disorder.

Mixed Features

Presence of manic symptoms without manic episode.

Melancholic Features

Distinct depression with inability to feel pleasure.

Psychotic Features

Hallucinations or delusions related to mood.

Catatonic Features

Motor symptoms like mutism or posturing.

Atypical Features

Positive reactions to events, weight gain, hypersomnia.

Seasonal Pattern

Depression episodes linked to specific seasons.

Peripartum Onset

Depression onset during or after pregnancy.

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Depression episodes tied to winter seasons.

SAD

Seasonal Affective Disorder linked to low daylight exposure.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Severe distress before menstruation affecting functioning.

DSM-V

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.

Cognitive Triad

Negative thoughts about self, world, and future.

Arbitrary Inference

Negative emphasis in interpreting situations.

Rumination

Repetitive focus on negative autobiographical content.

Brain Fog

Cognitive impairment affecting concentration and memory.

Negative Affect

Emotional state characterized by negative emotions.

Low Energy Levels

Fatigue impacting daily activities and engagement.

Isolation

Withdrawal from social interactions worsening depression.

Negative Cognitive Styles

Patterns of negative interpretation leading to depression.

Distress

Emotional suffering impacting daily functioning.

Impairment

Reduced ability to perform daily tasks.

Physiological Cycle

Monthly biological changes affecting mood in women.

Depressive Disorder

Mental health condition marked by persistent sadness.

Cognitive Errors

Mistakes in thinking leading to negative conclusions.

Longitudinal Studies

Research tracking changes over time.

Negative Thinking Styles

Consistent patterns of pessimistic thought.

Point Prevalence

Percentage of population with mood disorder at specific time.

Lifetime Prevalence

Probability of having major depressive episode in lifetime.

12-Month Prevalence

Percentage of population with mood disorder in past year.

Bipolar Disorder Prevalence

Lifetime prevalence for bipolar I and II is 2.6%.

Gender Differences in Depression

Females are twice as likely to have depression.

Chronic Major Life Stress

Associated with onset of mood disorders.

Anxiety Disorder Comorbidity

Major depressive episodes often co-occur with anxiety disorders.

Depression Diagnosis Across Cultures

Bipolar disorder prevalence consistent across diverse cultures.

Meta-Analysis on Indigenous Depression

No prevalence difference in Indigenous versus general population.

Treatment Seeking Rate

Only 60% of those with depression seek treatment.

Biological Treatments

Includes drugs and brain stimulation techniques.

Psychotherapy

Commonly used alone or with drug therapy.

Seasonal Affective Disorder Treatment

Light treatment is effective for seasonal affective disorder.

Cognitive Processes

Rumination ties up cognitive resources for school work.

Low Self-Esteem

Can prevent pursuit of scholarships and awards.

Older Adults and Depression

Less prevalent but more disabling due to health issues.

Racial Discrepancies in Diagnosis

Mixed evidence on depression diagnosis across races.

Sociodemographic Correlates

Being female and unmarried correlates with depression.