Zeus and Hera

Who are Zeus's parents?

Cronus and Rhea

Hecatombaia

A procession and a sacrifice of one hundred oxen at Argos

Who does Zeus sire with Themis?

Seasons:
Eunomia (lawfulness)
Justice (Dike)
Peace (Eileen)
-the spheres he oversees in the universe

What is Zeus's role?

oversees peace and justice amongst gods and humand

Where does zeus maintain order?

cosmic sphere, human sphere, divine sphere

What info-european root does Zeus's same come from?

dyeu-
bright sky of the day rather than the night

What symbols is zeus associated with?

thunderbolt and lightning

What does zeus control?

rain and storms

Between hades, zeus, and Poseidon who got what parts of the universe?

Zeus-sky
Poseidon-seas
Hades-underworld

Where were some of Zeus's sanctuaries

-lofty peaks
-Mount lycaon
-Mount Hymettus

Cult

repeated actions directed toward specific divinities in a particular place

Mount Lycaon

-zeus ash altar found
-priests performed rain magic
-believed zeus could send them rain for their lands

What was zeus worshipped for

-oversees the weather
-oversees justice
-oversees treatment of guests
-guarantor of oaths

How was justice and zeus's power related?

-hesiod believed justice and sending out rain were linked
-people who made bad decisions or were wicked would lead their cities to famine and plague
-Zeus would punish communities and cities based on injustice

Zeus Melichius

-mild one
-;inked to fertility of the crops through his connection to the earth as a snake and to rain as a sky god

Zeus ombrius

stormy
-associated with rain and weather
-connected to justice

Who was supplicated if murder was committed in Athens and why?

Zeus melichius
-due to his connection to justice
-he would ensure successful harvests if a community doesn't harbor murderers or polluted people

Zeus Xenius

guardian of hospitatly
-over-sought ethical and religious obligations between guests and hosts
-it was important to treat guests with respect

Zeus horkius

guardian of oaths

Zeus philus

guardian of friendship

Polius

guardian of the city

What did Zeus's multiple cults say about him?

he would oversee human communities and customs which was just as important as weather

How did zeus maintain power?

he was very intelligent and would always ensure that anyone he found to possibly grow stronger than him in the future was prevented from doing so

How is Zeus related to fate?

Although zeus knew of other's fates he understood it could not be altered otherwise it would be unfair to do so

What did zeus do to kronos

-overthrew him just like Kronos overthrew his father
-saved his siblings after they were swallowed by him

What does zeus do to Metis and why?

-swallows her
-he believes her to be too intelligent and that their offspring could overthrow him so he swallows her and acquires her intelligence
-this leads to the birth of athena

What was zeus worried about with achilles

-if Thetis were to have children with him they could be strong enough to overthrow him so he makes her marry a mortal instead and achilles is born

What happened with sarpedon, and how is it related to fate?

-sarpedon is fated to die in battle
-zeus loves him dearly so he asks Hera if he could save him and go against fate
-she explains that if he were to do so issues would arise between th other gods since he has obligations to them
-instead sleep and death carry sarpedon away and he dies

What occurred between Zeus and Achilles

-achilles prays to zeus to have Patroclus win in battle and that he comes back alive
-zeus only allows patroklos to win
-this is an example of how people viewed zeus because they didn't understand why he made the choices he did
-but he had made an oath the Thetis to ensure that achilles would be the one to gain honor in battle but achilles is unaware of this and believes zeus to be "evil" for it

how does Agamemnon rally his troops?

convinces them that zeus is on their side because trojans have violated Xenia

what did zeus do to troy?

zeus agreed to let Hera destroy two since she despises it

How did people view zeus in the iliad

incomprehensible, indifferent, unconcerned with justice
-they just didn't know his inner workings

What is the difference between the Iliads zeus and Hesiod's zeus?

The Iliad makes zeus seem inscrutable and cruel
-hesiod depicts zeus as just and judgmental

What does the suffering that zeus inflicts allow?

suffering allows human beings to develop perspective on their condition

what does zeus do to leda?

appears in front of her as a swan and then impregnates her, she givers birth to Hellen, pollux, clytemnestra and castor
-this story is sometimes depicted as either rape or seduction

What is Hera's relationship to zeus

wife and sister

Hera's children

Ares; god of war
Hebe: goddess of youth
Eileithuia: goddess of childbirth
-Hephaestus: birth on her own
-Typhaon: snake, dragon-like monster

What provokes Hera's wrath

Zeus has lots of offspring outside of his marriage and doesn't share governance with her

Was hera always worshipped with Zeus?

-before zeus she was worshipped independently to him

Argos

-dear to Hera's heart
-she was worshipped here before zeus
-hecatombaia
-

Hera's symbols

scepter : sign of political power
pomegranate: sign of fertility

Samos

connected Hera with the heroes, political sovereignty and prosperity of communities
-Tonaia: hera's stature washed in the seat and bound to logos tree from when pirates tried to steal her statue
-connected to fertility

Joan O'Brien

-argued that Hera was worshipped independently of zeus for protection and fertility
-after their marriage she became connected to offspring more
-association to zeus shows how other gods were subordinate to zeus

Hera Telea

-of fulfillment in reference to marriage

Nympheuomene

bride to be

hera and the peacock, kokkux

-placed the eyes of argus on the peacock feathers
-associated with a cuckoo bird
(zeus disguised himself as the bird to mate with Hera

Works and Days

concerned with human affairs
-how to live according to zeus's rules

What limitation does zeus's power have?

fate

James Frazer

-The Golden Bough
-compared rituals and magical practices
-influences by Charles Darwin

What were the 3 stages of development the Frazer believed?

magical practices, formalized religions, scientific reasoning

What was wrong with the way James Frazer evaluated myth?

he evaluated his collections in isolation from the societies they came from
-arm chair mythologist
-never traveled to the societies he studied
-he blended out the individuality of the stories

Bronislaw Malinowski

-trobriand islands
-argued that a society and its culture form a coherent and integrated system in which people develop ways to coped with problems and satisfy their needs
-all components of a culture serve a purpose or function

What did Malinowski believed was the function of myth?

it influences, expresses, enhances, and codifies belief, guides man, served a function

Functionalism

-to view society as an interdependent organic whole
-calls attention to the ways culture or society coheres, how it functions
-the function of the myth is more important than the truth

"there are no atheists in foxhole"

myth is born from the innermost and emotional reaction to the most formidable and haunting idea: death
-at the end of the day in a terrible situation you can find people praying to something

Adam and Eve example

-may or not be true but it serves an unconscious function
-it serves as a function to the peoples belief

What did Malinowski mean by pragmatic charter

myth justifies a society's beliefs, practices, and institutions and should be examined in a social context
-good, evil, life, death

What was the difference between Frazer and malinowski

Frazer compared myths of different societies although simplified, Malinowski rejected the idea of comparing myth from societies, believed them to be independent

Wendy Doniger

-implied spider
-identified universal questions about human existence posed by myths from many cultures and compared them
-more detailed comparisons than frazer

What did doniger attempt to do?

bridge the distance between the two main approaches modern scholars take to myths, studying myths withing their unique historical contexts and the study of shared features among myth between societies

What was denier's main belief

shared features between myths are due to certain shared human experiences
-death, birth, life, beliefs, sex, parents
Pain: precedes and resists language, this experience binds us to one another

What did doniger explain in respect to linguistics?

platonic experiences share parallels seen in linguistics
-indo European languages

One of the earliest documented floods

-city of shuruppak on the banks of the Euphrates

What did people believe floods were a sign of

Divine favor or displeasure

What is a parallel between myths related to floods

One god wants to destroy humans for a specific reason and another god finds away to save them or provide a solution

Zeus and prometheus flood story

-zeus want to eliminate the race of bronze
-prometheus advises Deucalion to build a chest
-deucalion and Pyrrha climb into it
-hermes asked Deucalion want he wanted and he chose to have people again and they did so by throwing rocks
-zeus wants to destroy humans prometheus wants to save them

Willam Butler Yeats poem about leda

-describes the encounter between zeus and leda as violent
-peom describes that this rape leads to the trojan war, and Agamemnons death

Hilda Doolittle poem about leda

-describes the encounter as blissful
-that an encounter with the divine is such a manner is a good thing

The name of the Greek goddess _______ may be connected to the Greek words for "hero" and for "seasons."

her

Religious imagination translated the myth of Zeus's inheritance of the sky into the belief that Zeus dwelled where?

the mountains

Under what cult title in Athens was Zeus linked to snakes and the Underworld?

melichios

The Seasons, Justice, and Peace are daughters of Zeus and which goddess?

Themis

what did zeus have to defeat

titans, typhon, Cronus

Why does Hera make typhon

-in response to the birth of athena
-represents her jelousy of metis

Why does Hera hate heracles

Because he is a reminder of Zeus's unfaithfulness to her.

Zeus secures his rule by maintaining order in which three spheres?

cosmic, divine, human

In Genesis, how does Noah determine that the waters have subsided after the great flood that destroys the earth?

sends out a dove and waits for its return

Which of the following statements are true of Zeus and Hera?

brother and sister, husband and wife, same parents

Hera's sanctuary on which island was said to have been founded by Jason and the Argonauts, and included a temple that Herodotus claims was the largest he had ever seen?

samos

Which of the following forms does Zeus assume during his three encounters with Europa, Ganymede, and Danaë?

a bull, an eagle, shower of golden rain

The cult titles Telea and Nympheuomene link Hera with which particular activity?

marriage

One of the earliest documented _______ occurred at the beginning of the third millennium in the Sumerian city of Shuruppak.

floods

What method does Wendy Doniger use to explain the shared experiences behind different myths?

historical linguistics

Zeus is persuaded by Hera not to save which of his beloved mortal sons from the battlefield?

sarpedon

Which scholar has argued for the universality of the relationship between language and pain?

Elaine scary

Hera is associated with which two of the following birds?

peacock, cuckoo

Hesiod suggests that which of the two following activities associated with Zeus are intimately connected with one another?

meting out justices, sending rain

In the story of the flood from the ancient Greek collection known as The Library, which couple survives the flood sent by Zeus and helps to repopulate the world afterwards?

Deucalion and Pyrrha

In Genesis, why did Noah curse Canaan?

ham, Canaans father, saw Noah when he was drunk and naked

Which of the following are examples of human actors in the Iliad either not understanding or misinterpreting the actions of Zeus?

death of Patroclus, destruction of troy