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Trait
a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way
The big five
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Agreeableness
Collaboration
Honesty
Generosity
Conscientiousness
Dependability
Organization
Punctuality
Extraversion
Cheerfulness
Leadership
Communication
Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)
Self-esteem
Self-consciousness
Resilience
Openness to experience
Curiosity
Growth mindset
Creativity
The Psycho-dynamic approach
An approach that regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness
The Id
the part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the sources of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives
The Ego
the component of personality, developed through contact with the external world that enables us to deal with life's practical demands
The Superego
the mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as a parents exercise their authority
Defense mechanisms
unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce the anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses
The Psychosexual Stages
the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)
Oral
Mouth: birth to 1 year
Fixation: agressions/dependency (drinking, eating smoking, nail biting)
Anal
Bowel And Bladder Control: 1 to 3 years
Fixation: anal-explusive, messy, wasteful, destructive. Anal-retentive: stringent, orderly, obsessive
Phallic
Genitals: 3 to 6 years
Fixation: oedipus complex, castration anxiety, penis envy, womb envy
Latency
Dormant: 6 years to puberty
Fixation: immaturity, inability to form adult relationships
Genital
Maturation: puberty to death
Fixation: move from Id controlled self-focus into relationships with others due to matured Ego and Superego
The Humanistic Existentialist Approach
emphasized a positive, optimistic view of human nature, highlighting inherent goodness and potential for personal growth
Self -actualizing tendency
the human motive toward realizing our human potential
Hierarchy Of Needs
Self-actualization needs
Esteem needs
Belonging and Love needs
Safety needs
Physiological needs
Existentialist approach
a school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individual's ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death
The Social-Cognitive Approach
Views personality in terms of how a person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them
The person-situation controversy
the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors
Personal constructs
dimensions people use in making sense of their experience
Outcome expectancies
a person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment
Self-concept
a person's explicit knowledge of their own behaviors, traits, and other personality characteristics
Self-verification
the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept
Self-esteem
the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self
Self-serving bias
people tend to take credit for their success but downplay for their failures
Self-report
A method in which people provide subjective information about their own thoughts, feelings or behaviors, usually via questionnaires or interviews
Projective Tests
Designed to reveal inner aspects of the individuals' personalities by analysis of their responses to a standard series of ambiguous stimuli
Rorschach Inkblot Test
a projective technique in which respondents' inner thoughts and feelings are believed to be revealed by analysis of their responses to a set of unstructured inkblots
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective technique in which respondents' underlying motives, concerns and the way they see the social world are believed to be revealed through analysis of the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people