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What were the Reconstruction Amendments, and what did they achieve?
The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, the 14th granted citizenship to all born in the U.S., and the 15th provided voting rights to Black men.
When did the Civil War take place?
1861-1865.
What was the purpose of Reconstruction (1865-1877)?
To reintegrate Southern states into the Union and extend rights to freed Black Americans.
What were "Black Codes"?
Laws passed in the South to restrict the freedoms of Black Americans after the Civil War.
What organization emerged in the 1870s to enforce white supremacy?
The Ku Klux Klan (KKK).
What were Jim Crow laws?
Laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States after Reconstruction ended in 1877.
What was the Gilded Age (1870s-1900) characterized by?
Rapid economic growth, industrialization, and social inequality.
How did the U.S. expand economically during the Gilded Age?
Through railroad expansion, which facilitated trade and settlement in the West.
Name two influential industrialists of the Gilded Age.
Andrew Carnegie (steel) and John D. Rockefeller (oil).
What act was passed to combat monopolies during the Gilded Age?
The Sherman Antitrust Act.
What movement aimed to address social issues arising from industrialization?
The Progressive Era (1901-1917).
What conflict marked the beginning of American Imperialism?
The Spanish-American War in 1898.
What territories did the U.S. gain from the Spanish-American War?
Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
What major project illustrated U.S. imperial ambitions in Latin America?
The construction of the Panama Canal (1904-1914).
What incident led the U.S. to enter WWI in 1917?
Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram.
What was President Woodrow Wilson's plan for post-WWI peace called?
The Fourteen Points.
What was the purpose of the League of Nations, proposed by Wilson?
To foster international cooperation and prevent future conflicts.
What amendment granted women the right to vote in 1920?
The 19th Amendment.
What was the Roaring Twenties characterized by?
Economic prosperity, technological advancement, and social change.
What was the Great Depression, and when did it begin?
A severe economic downturn starting with the 1929 stock market crash.
Who was elected in 1932 and introduced the New Deal?
President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
What event led the U.S. to enter WWII in 1941?
Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.
What two cities were bombed in 1945, leading to Japan’s surrender and ending WWII?
Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
What international organization was established in 1945 to prevent future conflicts?
The United Nations (UN).
What economic agreements established at the Bretton Woods Conference helped post-WWII recovery?
The creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.
What led eleven Southern states to secede from the Union in 1860?
The election of Abraham Lincoln.
How did the Union advantage impact the outcome of the Civil War?
Union's industrial and numerical superiority contributed to its victory.
What was the impact of the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction?
It spread racial violence and intimidation, undermining Black civil rights.
Which law, enacted during the Gilded Age, restricted immigration based on race for the first time?
The Chinese Exclusion Act.
Which two countries were involved in the Zimmermann Telegram, and what did it propose?
Germany and Mexico; it proposed an alliance against the United States.
What policy allowed the U.S. to supply military aid to Allies in WWII before joining the war?
The Lend-Lease Act.
Which canal, completed in 1914, symbolized U.S. imperial ambition in Latin America?
The Panama Canal.
What event in 1929 marked the beginning of the Great Depression?
The stock market crash.
What amendment, passed in 1920, granted American women the right to vote?
The 19th Amendment.
What was the main economic policy response to the Great Depression led by President Franklin D. Roosevelt?
The New Deal.
How did the Treaty of Versailles (1919) affect U.S. foreign policy post-WWI?
It led to a return to isolationism due to Senate rejection of the League of Nations.
What was one key reason behind the enactment of the Immigration Act of 1924?
To restrict immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe and Asia.
Which two types of programs were created under the New Deal to reduce unemployment during the Great Depression?
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA).
What was the aim of the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference?
To establish the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank for economic stability.
Which war officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles?
World War I.
Who introduced the Four Freedoms, and what did they promote?
President Franklin D. Roosevelt; they promoted fundamental human rights.
What was a significant effect of the New Deal on the U.S. government's role?
It expanded the federal government's role in the economy and welfare.
What did the U.S. emerge as after WWII, marking a shift in global power dynamics?
A global superpower.
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