Imperialism

Social inequality

The unequal distribution of resources and opportunities among different social groups.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born citizens who dominated Spanish America and could hold top positions in government and church.

Creoles

European-descended Latin Americans who owned haciendas and resented their second-class status.

Mestizos

Individuals of mixed American Indian and European descent.

Mulattoes

Individuals of mixed African and European descent.

Native Americans

Indigenous people of the Americas often exploited for labor.

Enlightenment ideas

Philosophical ideas from Europe that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of authority, inspiring Latin American independence movements.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution who became educated and freed himself from slavery, eventually leading Haiti's independence.

Simon Bolivar

Known as 'The Liberator,' he led movements for independence in several South American countries, inspired by Enlightenment ideals.

Jose de San Martin

Creole general who liberated Argentina and Chile from Spanish rule, and worked with Simon Bolivar.

Father Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican priest who initiated the struggle for independence from Spain with his 'Cry of Dolores' speech.

Agustin de Iturbide

Conservative Mexican creole who declared Mexico's independence and later proclaimed himself Emperor.

Prince Pedro

Son of the King of Portugal who declared Brazil's independence and became its first emperor.

King Leopold II

Belgian monarch who sought personal profit from the Congo Free State, leading to exploitation and abuse.

David Livingstone

British doctor and missionary known for opposing the slave trade and exploring Africa.

Henry Stanley

Journalist hired by King Leopold II to explore the Congo River basin and arrange treaties with African leaders.

Berlin Conference

Meeting of European powers to establish rules for colonizing Africa and avoid conflict among themselves.

Suez Canal

Man-made waterway in Egypt that was crucial for trade routes but led to British control over Egypt.

Meiji Restoration

Period in Japan when Emperor Meiji implemented government and economic reforms to modernize the country.

Opium War

Conflict between Britain and China over the opium trade, resulting in China's defeat and the Treaty of Nanjing.

Taiping Rebellion

A massive civil war in China led by Hong Xiuquan aiming to overthrow the Qing dynasty and establish a 'Heavenly Kingdom'.

Russo-Japanese War

War fought between Russia and Japan over imperial ambitions in East Asia, resulting in Japan's victory.

Spanish-American War

Conflict between the US and Spain resulting in American control over territories like Puerto Rico and Guam.

Mexican-American War

Conflict rooted in territorial disputes that resulted in significant land loss for Mexico.

Massacre at Amritsar

Turning point in the Indian independence movement that resulted from a brutal crackdown on peaceful protesters.

Homespun Movement

A protest led by Gandhi encouraging Indians to spin their own cotton to reduce dependence on British goods.

Salt March

An act of nonviolent protest led by Gandhi against British salt taxes, symbolizing the struggle for Indian independence.

Three Principles of the People

Sun Yixian's ideology promoting nationalism, democracy, and economic security for all Chinese people.

Hindu and Jain doctrine of ahimsa

Philosophy of nonviolence that influenced Gandhi's approach to resistance against British rule.

Mahatma Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement known for his philosophy of nonviolent resistance.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino revolutionary leader who fought against both Spanish and American control in the Philippines.