Imperialism

Latin American Independence

1. What were some of the driving forces that inspired many Latin American nations to call for independence?

• Social inequality from complex social structure

• Enlightenment ideas from Europe

• Napoleon’s invasion of Spain

2. Describe the social structure.

• Highest to lowest status: peninsulares, creoles, mestizos and mulattoes, Native Americans and Africans

• Peninsulares

  • Spanish-born citizens

  • Dominated Spanish America

  • Only ones who could hold top positions in government and church

• Creoles

  • European-descended Latin Americans

  • Owned haciendas (estates like plantations, mines, and factories)

  • Resented their second-class status

• Mestizos

  • Mixed American Indian and European descent

• Mulattoes

  • Mixed African and European descent

• Africans

  • Lowest, mostly slaves

  • Exploited for labor and services

• Native Americans

  • Lowest, low economic value

  • Exploited for labor and services

Additional information:

• France ruled Haiti

• Half a million Haitian slaves were controlled by 30k Europeans

• A rebel occurred since the slaves were done with being controlled and they took inspiration from the French and American Revolutions

• Now a leader was needed for the rebellion (Toussaint L’Ouverture)

3. Toussaint L’Ouverture: Who was he and what role did he play in Haiti’s independence? What happened to him? what long term impact did he have on this region?

• Toussaint L’Ouverture

  • Skilled Haitian general

  • “Napoleon of the Caribbean”

  • Became educated and freed himself from slavery

  • Began pushing for independence

  • “We are fighting so that liberty–the most precious of all earthy possessions–may not perish”

  • Controlled most of Haiti with his forces, who abolished slavery there

  • Urged his countrymen to resist the invaders when Napoleon tried to reconquer Haiti

  • Captured by Napoleon and died in prison

  • Haiti became the first independent Latin American country

  • Set groundwork for Haiti to become a republic later on and inspired other countries to follow suit and break free

• Napoleon later seized Spain, weakening them and their colonial power in Latin America

4. Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin’s impact on Central and South America

• Simon Bolivar

  • “The Liberator”

  • Creole

  • Inspired by the Enlightenment ideas (from the French Revolution) he saw when he went to Europe for his education

  • “I swear before God and by my honor never to allow my hands to be idle nor my soul to rest until I have broken the chains that bind us to Spain”

  • Led a rebellion that established a republic in Venezuela

  • Was exiled to Haiti a few times

  • Marched his army from Venezuela across the Andes to attack the Spanish at Bogota in New Granada (present-day Colombia)

    • He defeated the Spanish and became president of the independent republic of Colombia

  • Freed Caracas, Venezuela

  • Wanted each area to come together as states in a unified republic, but this was difficult to accomplish due to the geographical and cultural differences 

  • Later joined forces with Jose de San Martin, both of whom fought for Central and South American independence from Spain

    • Bolivar worked his way down South America

• Jose de San Martin

  • Creole general who joined forces with Bolivar

  • Received military training in Europe

  • Liberated Argentina and Chile from Spain, working his way up South America

5. Father Miguel Hidalgo and Agustin de Iturbide’s role in Mexico’s independence from Spain

• Miguel Hidalgo

  • Creole Mexican priest

  • “Cry of Dolores” or “El Grito de Dolores” – speech calling Mexicans to fight for independence

  • Dolores was the rural parish he presided over

  • Wanted to abolish slavery and called for better treatment of Native Americans

  • Wanted to make reforms but there was a power group who didn’t want him to

  • Captured and executed because he was considered “radical”

  • Still inspired the population

• Agustin de Iturbide

  • Conservative Mexican creole

  • Overthrew the Spanish viceroy and fought Mexican revolutionaries

  • Wanted to get rid of Spanish rule but didn’t want to get rid of slavery or give Native Americans better rights

  • Quickly declared Mexico an independent state because they had a new constitution led by liberals

  • Declared himself Emperor Agustin I

  • He declared independence and called himself the emperor to keep Mexico from becoming a republic

  • Liberals were now trying to implement the idea of natural rights from the US constitution

  • Was overthrown by liberals setting up republic

  • Mexico in political turmoil for next 100 years

  • United Provinces of Central America tried to set up a republic, but it fell apart and all became independent

    • This made them vulnerable to imperialism

6. Brazil’s independence from Portugal and Prince Pedro’s role

• Portugal controlled Brazil

• When Napoleon conquered Portugal, the Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil

• The king left his son, Prince Pedro to rule Brazil when the king went back to Portugal after Napoleon’s defeat

• Prince Pedro

  • Became emperor of an independent Brazil (the creoles of Brazil asked him to declare its independence?)

  • Accepted a constitution that allowed for freedom of press, freedom of religion, and an elected legislature

  • New leaders wanted Pedro to come back to Portugal since they were scared of him starting an independence movement

• By 1825, most Latin American countries had thrown of European rule

Africa

1. Why was Africa vulnerable to imperialism in the 19th century? What were the motives for nations pursuing imperialism?

• Vulnerable to imperialism because of:

  • Disunity of the tributary Asante states

  • History with slave trade

  • Lack of industrialization and advanced weaponry compared to the Europeans

  • Europeans inventions like dynamite

• Motives behind imperialism:

  • Trading companies

  • Desire for adventure

  • Benefit economies

  • Expand territory, power, and influence

  • Spread Christianity and convert the Africans

2. How did imperialist powers justify this policy?

• Paternalistic view of Africans

  • Meaning that they saw them as children in need of guidance

  • Thought that African cultures were “degraded” and insisted on Africans rejecting them in favor of Western civilization

• Relating it to Christianity

3. Discuss the impact of David Livingstone and Henry Stanley. What impact did King Leopold II have on the Congo Free State?

• David Livingstone

  • British doctor and missionary

  • Traveled Africa for 30 years

  • Was less biased and more sympathetic when writing about the peoples he met

  • Opposed African slave trade

    • Believed it could be stopped by opening the interior of Africa to Christianity and trade

  • Credited by the Europeans for “discovering” the Zambezi River’s waterfalls

    • Named them the Victoria Falls after the queen

• Henry Stanley

  • Journalist

  • Went to Central Africa to find Livingstone

    • Tracked him down in Tanzania

  • Hired by King Leopold II to explore the Congo River basin and arrange trade treaties with African leaders

• King Leopold II

  • Hired Henry Stanley

  • Spoke of a civilizing mission to carry the light “that for millions of people still plunged in barbarism will be the dawn of a better era,” but he really just wanted conquest and profit

  • His actions set off a scramble by other nations (Britain, France, and Germany) for Africa

    • Congo’s riches were exploited

    • Main resource = rubber (in high demand because of the Industrial Revolution)

4. What was the purpose and significance of the Berlin Conference?

• Held in Berlin, Germany

• For European powers to attend to avoid bloodshed

• No Africans were invited

• Leopold’s private claims to Congo Free State were recognized

• European powers called for trade on Congo and Niger Rivers

• Agreed that a European power couldn’t claim any part of Africa without their government office being present there

  • Powers quickly sent officials and rushed to colonize Africa

• In the next 20 years, European powers partitioned Africa, redrawing the African map with no regard to traditional settlement patterns and ethnic boundaries

5. Impact of George Washington Williams on the creation of the Belgian Congo

• One of the first African American historians

• Visited the Congo Free State because King Leopold painted the Congo as a benevolent state where Africans were well cared for

• Wrote an open letter to the king when he realized that the reality was different, spreading awareness about Congo’s terrible condition and leading to Leopold’s control over Congo being removed

6. Zulus, Boers, Boer War, new government in the Union of South Africa

• Zulus = African people migrating south

  • Shaka became leader, contributing to Zulu wars, and disrupting daily life      

  • Rinderpest kills Zulus’ cattle herds, making them vulnerable to imperialism

• Boers = descendants of Dutch farmers from Cape Colony

  • Boers left Cape Colony because they hated British anti-slave laws and the other laws that interfered with their way of life

  • Journey was called the “Great Trek”

• Zulus and Boers fought over control of land until end of century

• Boer War was caused by the discovery of gold and diamonds in the Boer republics which Britain wanted

  • Involved guerrilla warfare

  • British won using scorched earth

• Cape Colony and Boer republics were later united into the Union of South Africa

  • New government was run by whites and laid the foundation a system of racial segregation (apartheid)

7. French imperialism in Algeria

• French territory

• Conquered in 1830s

• Ended tens of thousands of French lives, many more Algerian lives

• Hussein Dey slapped a French official with a fly whisk, beginning the war

8. Who was Menelik II and how did he resist being imperialized? What happened at the Battle of Adowa?

• Menelik II

  • Ethiopian ruler

  • Reformed and modernized Ethiopia – Western school system, modern roads and bridges, latest weapons imported, European officers to train army

• These reforms allowed the Ethiopians to smash the Italian invaders in the Battle of Adowa and resist imperialism

• Liberia and Ethiopia were the only African nations to preserve independence

European Imperialism and the Muslim World

1. Muhammad Ali – resisting imperialization by European powers, Suez Canal, British involvement, Egypt becoming a protectorate

• Muhammad Ali

  • Albanian Muslim soldier who was appointed governor of Egypt

  • Ousted French forces under Napoleon to begin his efforts of resisting imperialization

  • “Founder of Modern Egypt” – titled from introducing many political and economic reforms

  • Ended oligarchy

    • Seized large farms from old landowning class

    • Reduced religious leaders’ power

  • Better tax collection

  • Large irrigation project

  • Expanded cotton production by introducing a new type of cotton to be sold as a cash crop

  • Encouraged the development of local industries, bringing Egypt to the global trade network

  • Resisted building the Suez Canal to avoid garnering British interest and to keep European nations from getting too much power

    • For Britain, the canal was a “lifeline” to India

    • The Suez Canal would’ve greatly reduced travel time between Europe and Asia, increasing their trade

  • Ferdinand de Lesseps

    • French entrepreneur who built the Suez Canal with his company

  • Britain gained control when the Egyptian ruler sold his shares in the Suez Canal to the British prime minister

    • He sold the shares to pay the debts from the canal and other modernization projects

  • Britain made Egypt a protectorate because of a nationalist revolt, causing Egypt to follow British-dictated policies

2. British and Russian involvement in imperialism in Iran

• Britain and Russia battled for influence in Iran/Persia

• Britain wanted to protect its interests in India

  • Was worried about Russia winning control of northern India

• Russia wanted to expand south into Central Asia

• Competition was known as the “Great Game”

• Political cartoons illustrated the British lion and Russian bear

• Russia ended up establishing a sphere of influence in the north and Britain a sphere of influence in the south

• Competition grew with the discovery of oil

India

1. East India Company, Robert Clive, Sepoy Rebellion

• British East India Company

  • When Mughal power declined, the British East India Company drove France (their rival) out of India

  • Soon controlled 3/5 of India

  • Britain turned its commercial interests into political ones

  • Main goal: make money

  • The company helped improve roads, preserve peace, and reduce banditry

• Robert Clive

  • First British governor of the Bengal presidency

  • Laid the foundation for the British East India Company’s rule in Bengal

• Sepoy Rebellion

  • Was in northern and central India

  • Sepoy = Indian soldier

  • Sepoys began rebelling against British officers

  • Sepoys gathered in New Delhi, hailing the last Mughal leader and their own leader

  • in some areas, sepoys massacred British people

  • The British crushed the rebellion, killing thousands of unarmed Indians

  • The rebellion left a legacy of fear, hate, and distrust

    • India was placed directly under the British crown and “reforms” were slowed

2. British rule in India, Indian National Congress and independence

• Parliament set up the British Raj, a system of colonial rule

  • British viceroy and officers held the top positions

  • “Modernized India by Westernizing it

  • The British saw India as a market and source of raw materials, contributing to an unequal partnership favoring the British

  • Improved transportation and gained control through new methods of communication

    • Helped countryside by introducing railroads and telegraphs

    • More communication = more national unity

  • Ruined hand-weaving industry

  • Transformed Indian agriculture to focus on cash crops = peasants losing land, deforestation, and declining standard of living

  • Increased population from medical improvements and more food production strained the food supply = famines

  • Upper classes benefited from British schools and cash crop profits

• Indian National Congress organized by nationalist leaders

  • Called for reforms initially

  • Later, called for greater democracy and for Indians to help rule the country

  • Supported eventual self-rule and Western-style modernization

  • Promoted the boycotting of British goods in favor of Indian ones

  • Peaceful protest

3. Gandhi’s non-violent ideology, the Massacre at Amritsar

• Non-violent ideology

  • First began from years in South Africa

  • Based on the ancient Hindu and Jain doctrine of ahimsa, or nonviolence and reverence for all life

  • Love can convert wrongdoers into righteous people

  • Thoreau’s ideas of civil disobedience, the refusal to obey unjust laws

• Massacre at Amritsar

  • Rowlatt Acts were passed, allowing British officers to arrest and imprison Indian citizens suspected of sedition, or urging people to disobey the government

  • British general Reginald Dyer caused many deaths and injuries

  • Turning point for many Indians

4. Homespun Movement and Salt March

• Homespun Movement:

  • Was led by Gandhi, encouraged Indians to spin and wave their own cloth (khadi) as a form of protest against the British textile industry

  • Put pressure on the British to change by decreasing Britain’s profit

• Salt March

  • A nonviolent protest where Gandhi and his followers marched to a coastal town where they made salt from seawater 

  • This was to protest British’s monopoly on salt, which denied access to a basic need

  • Taxed salt to maintain government in India

  • In response, the British mass arrested protestors like Gandhi and used brutal force against them

  • Embarrassed Britain and forced it to give India some power

5. India and Pakistan’s independence

• India:

  • Got its independence on August 15, 1947 because after World War II Britain was weakened and due to years of resistance and advocacy by Indians

• Pakistan

  • Got its independence on August 14-15, 1947 because of the Pakistan Movement which pushed for the creation of a Muslim-majority state

China

1. Industrial Revolution’s impact on China

• Created a need for expanded markets for European goods in China

• Gave the West superior military power

• Resulted in an unequal trade balance

• Increasing foreign influence

• Made West interested in China

2. Qing Dynasty and Empress Ci Xi, Modernization

• Initially resistant to modernization

• Ci Xi was strong-willed, surrounded herself with advisers who were devoted to Confucian traditions

  • For example, she initially supported the Boxer Rebellion to push foreign powers out of China

• After military defeats and internal pressures, she reluctantly supported some reforms

• China became a republic soon after Ci Xi’s death

3. Opium War and Treaty of Nanjing

• British merchants traded opium grown in India for Chinese tea

• Chinese became addicted to opium (drug)

• China used lots of silver to pay for the opium = economic disruption

• Chinese government outlawed opium, executed Chinese drug dealers, and called on Britain to stop the trade (but they refused)

• Opium War was triggered by Chinese warships clashing with British

  • Chinese lost because of their outdated weapons and fighting methods

• First series of trading wars between China and the West

• France and the US forced China to sign treaties, gaining rights similar to the ones won by the British

• Britain forced China to accept the Treaty of Nanjing, first of a series of “unequal treaties” that made China give up its rights to Western powers

  • Britain received huge indemnity, or payment for losses in the war

  • Gained Hong Kong

  • China had to open five ports to foreign trade

  • Had to grant British citizens extraterritoriality, the right to live under their own laws and to be tried in their own courts

  • “Most favored nation” clause – if China granted rights to another nation, Britain would automatically receive the same rights

4. Hong Xiuquan’s Taiping Rebellion

• Goal: topple Qing Dynasty and set up the Taiping, a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”

• Led by Hong Xiuquan (influenced by Confucian and Christian teachings) who called for radical change: land reform, community ownership of property, gender equality, and strict morality)

• Led to over 20 million deaths

5. Sino-Japanese War

• China and Japan went to war because of Japanese pressure on China due to Japan modernizing rapidly

• The result of this conflict was China lost and Japan gained Korea and Taiwan

• The defeat of China also revealed China’s weakness

• China resisted modernization, whereas Japan modernized rapidly

6. Sphere of influence program in China, Open Door Policy

• After the crushing defeat of China, Western powers moved quickly to make sphere of influences along the Chinese coast

• The British took the Chang River Valley

• The French took the territory near the colony of Indochina

• The Germans and the Russians took territory in northern China

• US calls for Open Door policy instead of creating a sphere of influence because they feared European powers might shut out American merchants, stating that all countries can trade with China on an equal basis

  • They didn’t consult China

7. Hundred Days of Reform

• Emperor Guang Xu wanted to modernize the school system, streamline government, and encourage new industries

• Failed when Guang Xu was imprisoned and Ci Xi reasserted control

• Attempt at modernizing rapidly

8. Boxer Rebellion

• The Righteous Harmonious Fists, Chinese peasants, started this rebellion with the creation of a secret society

• Their goal was to drive out the “foreign devils” who were polluting the land with their non-Chinese ways, strange buildings, machines, and telegraph lines

• Unsuccessful because of the multinational force organized by Japan and the Western powers

• Ci Xi revoked her support for the Boxers as they retreated

9. Three Principles of the People, issues Sun Yixian faces when establishing a new government

• After the failure of the Boxer Rebellion, Sun Yixian, a passionate spokesman for a Chinese republic, organized the Revolutionary Alliance to rebuild China on “Three Principles of the People”

  • First principle was nationalism or freeing China from foreign domination

  • Second principle was democracy, or representative government

  • Third principle was livelihood, or economic security for all Chinese people

• The first difficulty Sun Yixian faced was warlordism (the warlords refused to submit to the central government which created a power vacuum)

• The second difficulty was foreign influence (foreign powers were often interested in political affairs that did not allow the establishment of a stable government)

Japan

1. Commodore Matthew Perry and the Tokugawa Shogunate

• Commodore Matthew Perry went to Japan to deliver a letter that declared Japan to open its ports to trade (he was sent by the US president)

• The Tokugawa Shogunate responded to him because they couldn’t defend Japan from the US Navy even though they initially resisted

2. Treaty of Kanagawa

• By Shogun Iesada in 1854

• Opened three Japanese ports to American ships

• US won trading and other rights (e.g. extraterritoriality)

  • Britain, France, and Russia won similar rights 

3. Meiji Restoration: government and economic reforms, role of women in Japanese society

• Started by Emperor Mutsuhito (who changed his name to Meiji which means “enlightened rule”)

• Meiji reformers were determined to strengthen Japan against the West by studying Western ways

• “A rich country, a strong military”

• Reforms:

  • German model for government

  • All citizens equal before the law

  • Emperor received autocratic (unlimited) power

  • Created a legislature called the Diet (one elected house and another appointed by the emperor)

  • The right to vote or suffrage was limited

  • Created a Western-style bureaucracy with separate departments for finance, the army, the navy, and education

  • Encouraging Japan's business class to adopt Western methods

  • Making a modern banking system

  • Building railroads

  • Improving ports

  • Organizing a telegraph and postal system

  • Building factories to sell to wealthy business families (e.g. Mitsubishi and Kawasaki), or zaibatsu, to develop them

  • Samurai privileges ended, all men were subject to military service

  • More people were free to build Japan with the constitution ending legal class distinctions, although they still survived in society

  • Japan became an industrial powerhouse

• Women still had a secondary role in society

• While more women were receiving education, they lost all of the political rights they’d gained, being placed in the same legal category as minors

• Japan modernized greatly during the Meiji period because it was a homogenous society (everyone shared a common culture and language), it adapted foreign ideas, and it saw lots of economic growth during the Tokugawa times

4. Russo-Japanese War, Theodore Roosevelt and the Treaty of Portsmouth

• Japan and Russia fought over power in Korea and Manchuria

• Japan defeated the Russian troops and most of its fleet in Manchuria

• Theodore Roosevelt was a peacekeeper and negotiator between Japan and Russia in the Treaty of Portsmouth

• Japan won, gaining Manchuria and Korea

• First modern time that an Asian country humbled a European one

5. Japanese occupation of Korea

• Japan forcing Korea to open its ports to trade, along with similar Western demands, led to Korea accepting unequal treaties

• Japan made Korea a protectorate after defeating China and Russia

• It annexed Korea

• Japanese rule lasted for 35 years in Korea

• Japan sought to modernize Korea, and this mainly benefited the colonial power (e.g. most of the rice from the booming Korean rice production fed the Japanese)

• Japan’s harsh rule and dedication to erasing the Korean language and identity made them unpopular

• Repression = resentment = nationalist movement known as the March First Movement, nationalist rallying symbol

  • This nonviolent protest was crushed, but the sentiment remained

Southeast Asia and the Pacific

1. Why were various nations interested in gaining imperial control in this region?

• It commanded the sea lanes between India and China

• Economic motivations: access to valuable resources like spices, raw materials, trade routes, competition between Western powers, and to spread religion and culture

2. British territories

• Controlled Burma, Malaya, Sarawat, North Boreno, Australia, and part of New Guinea

• Burma (Myanmar):

  • British clashed with them when expanding eastward from India

  • Annexed by the British after underestimating them in battle multiple times and getting defeated

  • Continued resisting British rule

• Malaya:

  • Britain pushed south through the Malay Peninsula

  • Rubber, tin, and Asian trade profits flowed through Singapore to enrich Britain

3. French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia)

• Indochina was on the Southeast Asian mainland

• French sought political influence, raw materials, and markets

• French missionaries began winning converts in Vietnam, so Vietnamese officials killed converts and priests to suppress Christianity

• The French used these murders as a reason for invasion

• The Vietnamese also misjudged European power and were defeated

• They finally took over all of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia

4. Thailand’s independence and Chulalongkorn

• Kingdom of Siam = present-day Thailand

• Lay between British Burma and French Indochina, but still managed to maintain its independence

  • This was because they didn’t underestimate the European powers like the others did and they avoided incidents that could’ve provoked invasion

• Mongkut helped modernize Thailand despite having to accept some unequal treaties

• Chulalongkorn, Mongkut’s son, reformed the government, modernized the army, and hired Western experts to train Thais in new technology

• Abolished slavery and improved women’s choice in marriage

• Students traveled abroad and brought back Western ways to Siam

• Chulalongkorn bargained to remove the unequal treaties

• Britain and France finally saw the benefit of making Siam a buffer, or neutral zone, between their colonies

  • They guaranteed its independence but set up their own spheres of influence to keep other imperialist powers from pushing into Siam

5. American business interests in Hawaii and Queen Liliuokalani

• American sugar planters pressed for power in Hawaii

• Their business interests were threatened when Queen Liliuokalani came to power and tried to reduce foreign influence

• The US planters overthrew her and asked the US to annex Hawaii, arguing that Britain or Japan might do so first if the US didn’t

6. Spanish-American War

• Broke out between Spain and the US over Cuba’s effort to win independence from Spain

• Took place in Cuba and the Philippines

• US battleships destroyed the Spanish fleet stationed in the Philippines

• Other causes of the war: harsh Spanish rule in Cuba, US economic interests, and the USS Marine’s explosion

• The US won quickly, gaining Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, setting itself up as a global power

7. US denied Philippines their independence, Emilio Aguinaldo

• Filipino leaders declared independence from Spain, but the US didn’t recognize it because they saw the Philippines as a strategic and economic asset

• US wanted to expand power in Asia and establish a foothold for trade while keeping other nations from taking control

• US wanted to “civilize” the Philippines

• The Treaty of Paris, a peace settlement, placed the Philippines under American control

• Emilio Aguinaldo, a Filipino revolutionary leader, led Filipinos against American forces in the Philippine-American War

  • US crushed the rebellion

• US began modernizing the Philippines and promised Filipinos self-rule later on

• Gained their independence after WWII when Japan took it over and then lost

Latin American Imperialism

1. Monroe Doctrine - John Quincy Adams (secretary of state)

• The purpose was to declare that the United States would not tolerate any further European colonization of the newly independent nations in the Western Hemisphere

• It also established the Americas as a sphere of influence solely under the United States control

• didn’t have military power to enforce it, so britain enforced it for them

• Used to justify the Spanish American War and using national police power

2. American immigration to Texas, Texas independence, Texas annexation and Mexico

• Reasons Mexico encouraged American immigrants to come to Texas:

  • Increase population

  • Build the economy

  • Provide better defense in its Texas region

• Later, a conflict broke out between Mexico and the Texans because growing tensions arose from the large influx of Anglo-American settlers into Texas who wanted more autonomy and eventually independence from Mexico

• Texas got its independence from the Texas Revolution, a series of battles; had a stronger military and guerilla warfare tactics - Sam Houston (president of texas)

• The impact the United States had on Mexico was contributing to the coming of the Mexican-American war

3. Mexican-American War, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• Manifest Destiny - wanted land from pacific to atlantic coast

• Manifest’s Destiny - Treaty that stated that the US would have the land from west to east.

• Polk needs grievances 

• Polk outs American troops in the disputed territory so some American troops gan get killed so he has a reason to start war

• American troops die

• The United States won many decisive victories in several battles like the Battle of Palo Alto and Battle of Monterrey

• In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico lost almost half of its territory to the United States

4. Cuban liberation after the Spanish-American War

• During the Spanish American War, the United States joined Cuba’s cause for freedom from Spain

• After the Spanish-American War, Cuba got its independence but was later forced to add the Platt Amendment to their constitution which gave the United States naval bases in Cuba and the right to intervene in Cuban affairs

5. Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

• The purpose was to state that the nations of the Western Hemisphere were not open to colonization by European powers and the United States had the responsibility to preserve order and protect life and order in these countries

• “International police power”

• Connected to the Monroe Doctrine

6. US acquiring rights to build the Panama Canal

• France originally tried building it but failed 

• They acquired the rights to build the Panama Canal by backing a wg revolt by Panamanians against Colombia (which they somewhat instigated)

• When the Panamanians won their independence, they gave the United States control of the land to build the canal

People

Latin America

1. Toussaint L’Ouverture

   1. Skilled Haitian general

   2. “Napoleon of the Caribbean”

   3. Became educated and freed himself from slavery

   4. Began pushing for independence

   5. “We are fighting so that liberty–the most precious of all earthy possessions–may not perish”

   6. Controlled most of Haiti with his forces, who abolished slavery there

   7. Urged his countrymen to resist the invaders when Napoleon tried to reconquer Haiti

   8. Captured by Napoleon and died in prison

   9. Haiti became the first independent Latin American country

   10. Set groundwork for Haiti to become a republic later on and inspired other countries to follow suit and break free

2. Simon Bolivar

• “the Liberator”

  • For military victories in New Grenada and Caracas

• Venezuelan military leader

  • Born Creole

• Educated in Spain

  • Learned “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” 

  • Learned Representative Government (wanted to bring it to the Americas)

• Expelled Spain governor of Venezuela in 1810

• Forced into exile on Haiti twice 

  • Got the idea to abolish slavery 

• Exiled to Jamaica in 1814

  • Wrote La Carta de Jamaica, vision for a free latin America

• Admirable Campaign 

  • 9 year campaign to try to liberate all of South America

  • Liberated Peru in 1825, Bolivia named in his honor

• Created Gran Colombia

  • Columbia, Venezuela, Panama, Ecuador

3. Jose de San Martin

• Argentinian soldier, statesmen, national hero

  • Born Creole in Argentina

• Educated and served in the military in Spain

• Joined Argentinian independence movement in 1816

• Liberated Argentina, Chile, and Peru

• Gave Boliver his military in 1822 (therefore all credit for the victory over the Spanish)

4. Father Miguel Hidalgo

priest that talked abt people getting independence

5. Agustin de Iturbide

6. Prince Pedro

Africa 

7. David Livingstone 

8. Henry Stanley

9. George Washington Williams

10.  King Leopold II

11.  Shaka

12.  Menelik II

Muslim World

13.  Muhammad Ali

14.  Ferdinand de Lesseps

• French entrepreneur

• Built the Suez Canal with his company

India

15.  Robert Clive

• First British governor of the Bengal presidency

• Laid the foundation of the British East India Company’s rule in Bengal

16.  Mahatma Gandhi

China

17.  Empress Ci Xi

• Empress of Qing dynasty

• Eventually dies in 1908

18.  Hong Xiuquan

• Village teacher that failed the civil service exams

• Started the Taiping Rebellion (1850 - 1864)

  • inspired by religious visions

  • set himself up as a revolutionary prophet

• Wanted to topple the Qing dynasty

  • wants to set up a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” (Taiping)

  • Influenced Cofucian and Christian teachers

• Wanted

  • radical change

  • land reform

  • community ownership of property

  • equality of women and men

  • strict morality

• He won followers and some westerns sympathized but then they realized if the Qing dynasty fell they would lose trading rights

• Rebels eventually won control of large parts of China

  • took government 15 years and a lot of money to defeat this rebellion

• 20 million Chinese died

• Qing government survived but had to share power with regional commanders who helped crush the rebellion

• During rebellion, European powers kept pressure on China, Russia seized lands in northern China and built the port of Vladivostok on the Pacific coast

19.  Emperor Guang Xu

• Responsible for the Hundred Days of Reform, goal was to

  • modernize civil service exams

  • streamline government

  • encourage new industries

  • affected schools, military, and bureaucracy

• Conservatives overthrew the reformers

• Guang Xu was imprisoned

• Ci Xi gained back control

20.  Sun Yixian

• Spokesman for Chinese republic

• Organized Revolutionary Alliance to rebuild China on “Three Principles of the People”

  • Nationalism - freeing China from foreign domination

  • Democracy - representative government

  • Livelihood - economic security for all Chinese

• Ci Xi died and a 2 year old inherited the throne resulting in

  • China slipping into chaos

  • End of the Qing dynasty which also ended China’s 2000-year old monarchy

  • Sun Yixian become president of the new Chinese republic

    • Faced problems

    • Constantly at war with itself or foreigners

Japan

21.  Commodore Matthew Perry

• American military leader

• Sent by Millard Fillmore to open up Japan to trade

22.  Iesada

• Shogun who agreed to open three ports in the Treaty of Kanagawa

23.  Emperor Meiji

• Originally Mutsuhito

• Name means “enlightened rule”

• Meiji restoration named after him

24.  Theodore Roosevelt

• Mediator and negotiator in the Treaty of Kanagawa

• Facilitated the peace talks that ended the Russo-Japanese War

• Earned the Nobel Peace Prize for these actions

Southeast Asia and the Pacific

25.  Mongkut

• King prior to Chulalongkorn (his dad)

• Signed unequal treaties with French & British which signed away land

26.  Chulalongkorn

• King of Siam

• Kept Siam free from colonial rule

• Government & military reform, built universities

• Facilitated quick modern & westernization

27.  Queen Liluokalani

• Last Queen of Hawaii

• Overthrown by Dole & Committee of Safety

• Placed under house arrest 

28.  Emilio Aguinaldo

29.  James Monroe

30.  Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna