urinary and fluid balance

this is a hormone produced by the kidneys

calcitrol

the mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the

nephron loop

which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle

a vasa recta

an increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a

increase in the production of ADH

the kidneys are stimulated to produce renin by

a decrese in the blood pressure

the glomerulus differs from other capilaries in the body in that it

is drained by an afferent arteriole

the descending lmb of the nephron loop contains

fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moved down into the medulla

T or F: the ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the GI tract

true

the renal corpuscle is made up of

bowmans capsule and golmerulus

the functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the

nephron

the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)

the filtration membrane include all except

renal fascia

the mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is

osmosis

the fluid in the glomerular (bowmans) capsule is similar to plama except that it does not contain a significant amount of

plasma protein

alcohol acts as a diuretic becuase it

inhibits the release of ADH

the function of angiotensisn II is to

constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

urine formation order

1. nephron

2. collecting duct

3. minor calyx

4. major calyx

5. ureter

6. urethra

what would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal

net filtration would decrease

which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular complex

podocyte cells

what is a functon of the nephron loop

forms a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine

the factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the

glomerulus hydrostatic pressure

excretion of dilute urine requires

impermiability of the collecting tubule to water

which of the following hormones below is responsible for faculative water reabsorption

ADH

the body’s water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions

sodium ions

this transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder

ureter

which of the following hormones is important in stmulating water conservation in the kidneys

antidiuretic hormone

what vascular structure is found between the afferent and efferent arterioles

glomerulus

what is the major artery that supplies the kidneys

renal

the renal capsule

surrounds the kidneys

which blood vessels are primarily concered with reabsorption

peritubular capillaries

what is the urine making structure of the kidney

nephron unit

where oes aldosterone exert its effects

distal convoluted tuble

the DCT extends to become the

collecting ducts

urine flows from the ascending limb (loop of henle) into the

DCT

the calyces receive urine from the

collecting ducts

ADH exerts its effects on the

collecting duct

which of the following words best escribes the function of the urinary bladder

storage

this structure is located between the renal pelvis and the urinary bladder

ureter

the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrets this enzyme

renin

activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

expands blood volume

aldosterone causes

sodium and water reabsorption

which of the following should not be found in the glomerular filtrate

albumin

which of the following is absorbed across the walls of the collecting duct under the influence of ADH

water

low levels of oxygen stimulate the kidneys to secrete this hormone

erythropoietin

in the process of secretion, a substance moves from the peritubular capillaries into this structure

tubules

which condition is associated with proteinuria

glomerular disease

which hormone affects blood volume

aldosterone

aldosterone is a

mineralocorticoid that stimulates the reabsorpion of sodium

renal failure causes anemia becuase of

a lack of erythropoietin

what happens at the glomerular membrane

water and dissolved aolute are filtered into bowmans capsule

the DCT reabsorbs

sodium in response to aldosterone

the portion of the kidney that extends between the renal pyramids is called the

renal columns

filrate flow

1. glomerular capsule

2. PCT

3. Loop of henle

4. DCT

5. collecting duct

which structure of the nephron reabsorbs the most substances

PCT

this terms means entry of substances into the body from the filtrate

reabsorption

this layer of filtration membrane is composed of collagen fibers and proteoglycans matrix

basal lamina

intracellular fluid is only within

the cells of the body

when water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,

osmosis moves water from the ICF to ECF

rapid water movement between the extracellular fluid and the intacellular fluid is termed

fluid shift

with regard to fluid balance, water gains occur primarily in the

digestive tract

the principal cation in cytoplasm is

potassium

with regard to mineral balance, the primary site of ion loss in the body is

the kidneys

which hormone is released by cardiac muscle cells in response to increased atrial distention

natriuretic peptides

increased blood volume will

decrease thirst

which substance plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption

aldosterone

homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the

ECF

the amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by

aldosterone/

secretion of potassium into the urine is

increased by aldosterone

what plays a key role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide

the respiratory system

a chemcial that minimizes changes in the ph of the body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ions is called

a buffer

when the ph rises above 7.45

alkalosis

excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by

the kidneys

when the ph of the ECF drops, the kidneys excrete

more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions

prolonged vomitting can result in

metabolic alkalosis

hypoventilation leads to

respiratory acidosis

which of the following best fits acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis

the consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema

which of the following best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis

the consequence of hyperventilation, for example fever or mental illness

routes of fluid loss from the body

water cna be lost during urination, evaporation at skin and lungs, and in feces

what effect does aldosterone have on sodium ion concentration in the ECF

it increases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases iron concentration in ECF

summarize the relationship between PCO2 levels and ph

an inverse relationship occurs between the levels of pco2 and ph

if the kidneys are conserving HCo3- and eliminating H+ in acidic urine, which is occuring?

metabolic acidosis

what would happen to the blood PCO2 of a patient who has an airway obstruction

blood pco2 would increase, resulting in respiratory acidosis

how would a decrease in the ph of body fluids affect the respiratory rate

respiratory rate would increase