Microbio Final Prep - Exam 5

Antimicrobials that effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed ____.

1. broad spectrum drugs

2. oxygen radicals

3. narrow spectrum drugs

4. antibiotics

broad spectrum drugs

Selectively toxic refers to ____.

1. damage to pathogen and host cell membranes

2. damage to the pathogen but not the host cells

3. damage to all pathogen and host cellular proteins

4. damage to all bacteria

damage to the pathogen but not the host cells

Each of the following contributes to the emergence of drug resistance except ____.

1. improper use of antibiotics

2. overuse of antibiotics

3. ingestion of antibiotics with animal feed

4. multiple drug therapy

multiple drug therapy

The greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the ____.

1. eyes

2. skin

3. urinary system

4. respiratory system

respiratory system

Live microorganisms such as Lactobacillus bulgaricus found in yogurt that help improve/restore gut microbiota balance are examples of ____.

1. prebiotics

2. contamination

3. pathogens

4. probiotics

probiotics

____ such as DNase, and gelatinase are adaptations that allow microbes to establish themselves in a host.

1. death factors

2. pathogen factors

3. growth factors

4. virulence factors

virulence factors

A/an____ is the first case that brings epidemic to the attention of officials.

1. fatality

2. pandemic

3. index case

4. epidemic

index case

Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis and yaws in humans is an example of a/an _____.

1. normal flora

2. commensal

3. opportunistic pathogen

4. true pathogen

true pathogen

The following soil microbes are all important sources of antibiotics except ____.

1. Penicilium

2. Bacillus

3. Staphylococus

4. Streptomyces

5. Cephalosporium

Staphylococcus

Infectious diseases acquired during hospital or health care facility stays are known as ____.

1. healthcare associated mortalities

2. chronic infections

3. lifestyle diseases

4. terminal diseases

5. nosocomial infections

nosocomial infections

Ciproflaxin is an antibiotic that works by ____.

1. inhibiting folic acid synthesis

2. destabilizing LPS in the outer membrane

3. inhibiting protein synthesis

4. inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan

5. inhibiting DNA replication

inhibiting DNA replication

The term ____ is used to describe the spread of an epidemic across continents.

1. morbidity rate

2. pandemic

3. index case

4. mortality rate

5. epidemic

pandemic

Nutrients added to foods that encourage the growth of beneficial microbes in the gut are known as ____.

1. probiotics

2. superfoods

3. prebiotics

4. yellow soup

prebiotics

The most common drug used to treat yeast infections, fluconazole (brand name: Diflucan), targets ____ synthesis in fungi.

1. cellulose

2. glucan

3. peptidoglycan

4. protein

5. ergosterol

ergosterol

Antibiotic-resistant efflux pumps in bacterial cells function by ____.

1. pumping out the antibiotic once it enters the cell

2. altering antibiotic receptors on target cells

3. pumping antibiotics efficiently into the cell

4. pumping antibiotic-neutralizing material into the cell

5. altering the target protein structure

pumping out the antibiotic once it enters the cell

The minimum number of microbes necessary to cause infection to proceed is the ____.

1. infectious dose

2. death dose

3. infectious cohort

4. minimum concentration

infectious dose

Microorganisms directly cause damage to their host through the action of toxins or ____.

1. cytokines

2. enzymes

3. antimicrobials

4. death factors

enzymes

When you get infected with Yersinia pestis, the initial, breif period of early, general symptoms such as fatigue and muscle aches is the ____.

1. incubation period

2. convalescent period

3. prodromal stage

4. continuation phase

prodromal stage

The ____ is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent that prevents the visible growth of a microorganism after incubation.

1. mortality rate

2. minimum inhibitory concentration

3. antimicrobial zone

4. inhibition zone

5. lethal dose

minimum inhibitory concentration

Antibiotic resistance is most likely to develop during the ____, because many patients stop taking antibiotics during this period.

1. incubation period

2. prodromal stage

3. convalescent period

4. continuation period

canvelescent phase

The paralysis associated with polio is an example os ____.

1. a prodromal stage symptom

2. sequalae

3. convalescence

4. an acute phase symptom

sequelae

The most frequently used prescribed antibiotic in the US, amoxicillin, works by ____.

1. inhibiting DNA replication

2. destabilizing LPS in the outer membrane

3. inhibiting protein synthesis

4. inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan

5. inhibiting folic acid synthesis

inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan

The primary way to eradicate a zoonotic disease is by____.

1. eradicating the animal reservoir

2. prescribing lots of antibiotics

3. universal vaccination

4. encouraging close associations between humans and animals

eradicating the animal reservoir

Shingles is an example of a/an ____ infection.

1. vector transmitted

2. contagious

3. exogenous

4. endogenous

endogenous

Eastern equine encephalitius, zika, and malaria are all examples of communicable diseases transmitted by _____.

1. fomites

2. vectors

3. soil

4. contaminated water

vectors

Penicillin based drugs prevent microbial growth by _____.

1. inhibiting synthesis of bacterial cell walls

2. blocking folic acid synthesis

3. inhibiting DNA replication

4. inhibiting translation

inhibiting synthesis of bacterial cell walls

As a healthcare worker, antibiotic-resistant bacteria acquired at work can spread antibiotic resistant genes to your gut microbiota through horizontal gene transfer, specifically via processes like transduction and _____, where bacteria exchange genetic material.

1. superinfections

2. plasmidosis

3. transposon synthesis

4. translocation

5. conjugation

conjugation

All the living microorganisms present in your gut are collectively known as ____.

1. gut-germs

2. opportunistic commensals

3. pathogens

4. microbiota

microbiota

____ is the total number of deaths within a population over a specific period.

1. Morbidity rate

2. Pandemic

3. Index case

4. Mortality rate

5. Epidemic

Mortality rate

Staphylococus epidermis a member of your skin microbiota can be described by all the following terms except?

1. Commensal

2. Normal microbiota

3. Pathogenic microbiota

4. Indigenous microbiota

Pathogenic microbiota

The human ____ has the most diverse populations of microorganisms.

1. gut

2. hand

3. skin

4. foot

gut

A newborn’s normal microbiota is generally derived from all of the following sources except _____.

1. hospital parking lot attendant

2. hospital delivery staff

3. the birth canal

4. breast feeding

hospital parking lot attendant.

Pathogens that invade your body and can degrade DNA traps set by immune cells most likely have a _____.

1. lipase

2. DNase

3. coagulse

4. gelatinase

DNase

Bacteria such as S. aureus use leukocidins to ____.

1. degrade host collagen

2. destroy DNA traps

3. kill phagocytes

4. form clots to evade immune system cells

kill phagocytes

Overgrowth of Candida albicans, causing a vaginal yeast infection after antibacterial treatment for urinary tract infection due to E. Coli, is an example of ____.

1. superinfection

2. immune subversion

3. colitis

4. antibiotic resistance

superinfection

In which of the following situations did diseases develop due to vertical transmission of the pathogen?

1. a fetus develops literiods after unpasteurized cheese infected Listeria bacteria is consumed by the mother during pregnancy

2. A traveler develops COVID-19 after sharing a buffet with 900+ other individuals on a cruise ship

3. A dog develops rabies after getting scratched during a fight with a raccoon that carries the virus

4. A hospitalized patient contracts MRSA bacteria in a wound following surgery

A fetus develops listeriosis after unpasteurized cheese infected with Listeria bacteria is consumed by the mother during pregnancy

Azithromycin is an antibiotic that works by ____.

1. inhibiting DNA replication

2. destabilizing LPS in the outer membrane

3. inhibiting protein synthesis

4. inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan

5. inhibiting folic acid synthesis

inhibiting protein synthesis

Microbes resistant to penicillin have ____ which hydrolyzes the beta-lactam ring and inactivates its antibacterial properties.

1. coagulase

2. DNase

3. leukocidin

4. methylase

5. beta-lactamase

beta-lactamase

The Kirby-Bauer test is used ____.

1. to kill antibiotic resistant bacteria

2. for antibiotic susceptibility testing

3. to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of drugs

4. to identify probiotic/beneficial bacteria

for antibiotic susceptibility testing

Adaptations that allow microbes to establish themselves within a host are known as ____.

1. death factors

2. virulence factors

3. growth factors

4. lytic factors

virulence factors

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an ideal antimicrobial?

1. Be easy to administer and able to reach the infectious agent anywhere in the body

2. Remain active in the body as long as needed and be safely and easily broken down and excreted

3. Be toxic to the toxic to infectious agent and nontoxic to the host

4. Complements or assists the activities of the host’s defenses

5. Be disruptive to the host’s health by causing allergies

Be disruptive the host's health by causing allergies.

Biofilm-forming pathogens are very challenging to treat with conventional antibiotics because ____.

1. antibiotics often easily penetrate the sticky extracellular material surrounding biofilms

2. pathogens in biofilm exist only on synthetic surfaces such as catheters, and they cannot be treated with antibiotics

3. pathogens in a biofilm degrade antibiotics at a much faster rate than their free-living counterparts

4. when part of a biofilm community, pathogens express different genes thus changing their antibiotics susceptibility

when part of a biofilm community, pathogens express different genes thus changing their antibiotics susceptibility

During the ___ of the infection the infectious agent multiples at high levels, exhibits its greatest virulence, and becomes well established in its target tissue.

1. incubation period

2. acute phase

3. prodromal stage

4. convalescent period

5. sequelae

acute phase

Which of the following is not a common microbe that causes healthcare-associated infections?

1. Clostridium difficile

2. Roseobavter denitrificans

3. Enterococcus

4. E. Coli

5. Staphylococcus aureus

Roseobavter denitrificans