Chapter 6: Hearing: Sensing the World around Us Through our Ears:

less

less

Low sound waves are _____ (more/less) frequent.

more

High waves are _____ (more/less) frequent.

Frequency

Pitch of sound, measured in hertz

amplitude

Loudness, measured in decibels (dB)

complexity

Overtones, timbre

timbre

Lets you determine a middle c on a piano versus a middle c on a violin.

ossicles

Three tiny bones of the middle ear

malleus

Ossicle, means ‘hammer’

incus

ossicle, means ‘anvil’

stapes

ossicle, means ‘stirrup’

vibration

Ossicles transfer ___________ of the eardrum to the inner ear.

amplification

Ossicles produce slight __________ of the sound wave.

vesitbular

The __________ canal is what’s at risk for being punctured by q-tips.

oval window

Thin membrane at the beginning of the vestibular canal.

cochlea

Snail-shaped structure divided into 3 fluid filled canals.

shell

cochlea means _______.

hair

The bending of _____ cells allows you to hear sounds.

corti

The organ of _______ is composed of two membranes.

basilar membrane

Membrane in the organ of corti; auditory receptors, hair cells, are mounted here.

tectorial membrane

Membrane in the organ of court; rests on he hair of cells

action potentials

Stimulation of hair cells triggers _______ ______________ in the auditory nerve.

network

The ___________ of auditory pathways is as follows: auditory nerve axons > inferior colliculi > medial geniculate nucleus > primary auditory cortex

ipsilateral

Hearing is mainly ____________ (ipsilateral/contralateral)

Cochlear Place Coding Theory

Different frequencies produce maximal stimulation of hair cells at different points along the basilar membrane.

tones

Perception of ______ depends on the frequency of hair cell firing.

binaural

_______ cues allow you to hear where sound is coming from.

latency

________ difference is a binaural cue that takes place when the ear on the side of your head that the sound is coming from hears the sound first.

intensity

_________ difference is a binaural cue that takes place when the ear closer to the sound hears it louder.

cannot

Binaural cues ______ (can/cannot) distinguish sound coming dr=irectly behind, above, or below.

pinna

The flap that is on the side of our head, it captures sound waves and funnels it toward the auditory canal.

tympanic

The __________ membrane (the eardrum) is stretched across the end of the canal and is connected to mouth cavity via Eustachian tube.

vibration

Ossicles transfer ___________ of the eardrum to the inner ear.

amplification

Ossicles produce a slight ____________ of a sound wave.

connected

The vestibular canal is ___________ (connected/not connected) to the tympanic canal.

oval window

The thin membrane at the beginning of the vestibular canal.

cochlea

Snail shaped structure divided into 3 fluid-filled canals.

15

Approximately ___% of the population has hearing loss.

does not

Damage to the auditory cortex of the brain _______ (does/does not) produce deafness.

rare

Total deafness is _______ (rare/common) due to the diffuse network of auditory pathways.

nerve

______ deafness, or sensorineural hearing loss is due to damage to the cochlea or auditory nerve.

tinnitus

Nerve deafness can cause _________, which is ringing or buzzing in the ear.

conductive

__________ deafness is due to damages to the ossicles

central

_________ deafness occurs when there is damage to the brain regions that process sound.

word

_______ deafness is a type of central deafness in which the impaired perception of complex sounds.

cortical

_________ deafness is a type of central deafness in which you cannot recognize any sounds.

false

(true/false) An ear horn would be a solution to central deafness.

acoustic stapedius reflex

This reflex is triggered by a sudden loud noise. Muscles pull back to stop the stapes from slamming through the oval window to prevent damage from occurring.

scar tissue

In the event of damage due to a loud, sudden noise, _____ ______ will repair like tape, but can cause issues with transmission and interfere with incoming sound waves.

80

Prolonged sound over ___ dB causes damage.

depression

Long periods of noise can lead to ___________.

isolation

In women, depression causes ___________.

anger

In men, depression causes _______.

awareness

The vestibular system acts without __________.

vestibular

Balance and posture is maintained by the __________ system.

planes

The three semicircular canals are oriented in three different _______.

jelly

The three semicircular canals are filled with viscous _______ and lined with hair cells.

action potential

The three semicircular canals bring the ______ _________ to the brainstem and cerebellum.

otoliths

The two ________ are hair cells in the utricle and saccule, which tells you the position of your body and head in space.