Lane Final

Edict of Milan

Edict of Milan

Legalization of Christianity in the Roman Empire (313 AD)

Council of Nicea

Church council that established Christian doctrine and condemned Arianism (325 AD)

Constantine

Roman emperor who legalized Christianity and moved the capital to Constantinople (4th century AD)

Paul

Early Christian apostle and author of several New Testament letters

Feudal/manorial systems

Medieval social and economic systems based on land ownership and obligations

Serf

Peasant bound to the land and obligated to work for the lord in feudalism

Fief

Land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for military service in feudalism

Vassal

A person who held land from a lord in exchange for loyalty and military service in feudalism

Agricultural Revolution

Transition from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural-based societies

Trade

Exchange of goods and services between individuals, regions, or countries

Plague

A highly contagious and deadly disease, such as the Black Death in the 14th century

Printing Press

Invention that revolutionized the spread of knowledge by enabling mass production of books

Growth of cities

Expansion and development of urban areas due to economic, social, and demographic factors

Increased education

Rise in literacy rates and access to learning opportunities in society

Machiavelli

Renaissance political philosopher and author of "The Prince"

Leonardo Da Vinci

Italian Renaissance artist, scientist, and polymath

Michelangelo

Italian Renaissance artist known for his sculptures and paintings, including the Sistine Chapel ceiling

Humanism

Intellectual and cultural movement emphasizing human potential, classical literature, and secular subjects

Secularism

Separation of religious and governmental institutions and a focus on worldly matters

Individualism

Emphasis on the worth, rights, and autonomy of the individual in society

Indulgences

Church certificates that granted forgiveness of sins and reduced time in purgatory (Catholic practice)

Purgatory

A state or place of temporary punishment or purification after death (Catholic belief)

95 Theses

Martin Luther's list of grievances against Catholic Church practices, sparking the Protestant Reformation

Diet of Worms

Imperial council where Martin Luther was tried and refused to recant his beliefs (1521)

Johann Tetzel

Catholic friar known for selling indulgences, criticized by Martin Luther

Martin Luther

German theologian and leader of the Protestant Reformation

Frederick the Wise

Elector of Saxony and protector of Martin Luther during the Reformation

Henry VIII

King of England who broke with the Catholic Church and established the Church of England

Elizabeth I

Queen of England during the Elizabethan era, known for her political astuteness and patronage of the arts

Charles I

King of England whose reign led to the English Civil War and his eventual execution

Cromwell

English military and political leader, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth after the English Civil War

Thirty Years War

Religious and political conflict in Europe from 1618 to 1648

Wars of Religion in France

Series of conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in France in the 16th and 17th centuries

Peasant revolt in Germany

Uprising of German peasants against their feudal lords in the early 16th century

English Civil War/execution of Charles

Conflict between royalists and parliamentarians, resulting in the execution of King Charles I (1649)

Umma

The global community of Muslims

Bedouin

Nomadic Arab people traditionally living in the desert regions of the Middle East

Prophet

A person who receives and communicates divine revelations or messages from God and passes them forward to the people

Hijra/Hegira

The migration of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 AD

Caliph

Successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the political and religious leader of the Muslim community

Koran/Qur'an

Holy book of Islam, believed to be the word of Allah as revealed to Muhammad

Five Pillars

Fundamental religious duties of Islam, including faith, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage

The Hajj

Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the Five Pillars of Islam

Devshirme system

Ottoman practice of recruiting Christian boys to be converted to Islam and trained as soldiers or bureaucrats

Janissaries

Elite infantry units of the Ottoman Empire, composed of Christian converts to Islam

Millets

Autonomous religious communities within the Ottoman Empire, each with its own laws and self-governance

The Ottoman Empire

Islamic state founded by Osman I and lasting from the 14th to the early 20th century

Conquest of Constantinople

Ottoman capture of the Byzantine capital in 1453, leading to the end of the Byzantine Empire

The Taj Mahal

Mausoleum in Agra, India, built by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal

Muhammad

Founder of Islam and the last prophet in Islamic belief

Mehmet the Conqueror

Ottoman sultan who captured Constantinople in 1453 and expanded the empire

Suleiman the Magnificent

Ottoman sultan who reigned during the empire's golden age and expanded its territories

Shah Jahan

Mughal emperor who commissioned the Taj Mahal and promoted cultural achievements in India