Conformity

Who identified the three distinct types of conformity in 1958?

Kelman

Name the three types of conformity proposed by Kelman.

Compliance, Internalisation, and Identification

Which type of conformity involves publicly going along with a group while privately disagreeing?

Compliance

What is the primary motivation for an individual engaging in compliance?

To gain approval or avoid rejection.

How long does the behavior change typically last in compliance?

It is superficial and temporary, stopping when group pressure is removed.

Which type of conformity involves genuinely accepting and adopting a group's beliefs as your own?

Internalisation

What kind of change in attitude occurs during internalisation?

A private and permanent change.

How does the duration of influence in internalisation compare to compliance?

Internalisation is deep and permanent, while compliance is superficial and temporary.

Which 1935 study is used as an example of internalisation?

Sherif's autokinetic effect study

In Sherif's study, what did participants internalize from the group?

The group's estimate of the moving light.

Which type of conformity involves adopting a group's behaviors because you want to be a member of that group?

Identification

What is the primary reason a person identifies with a group in Kelman's typology?

The desire to be a member of and identify with that group.

Under what condition is the behavior change in identification usually maintained?

It is often temporary and dependent on being with the specific group.

Dressing a certain way only when with a specific friend group is an example of _____.

Identification

Who proposed the two key explanations for conformity in 1955?

Deutsch and Gerrard

What are the two key reasons for conformity according to Deutsch and Gerrard?

Informational Social Influence (ISI) and Normative Social Influence (NSI)

What is the underlying reason for Informational Social Influence (ISI)?

The belief that the majority is correct and can provide information.

In what types of situations is Informational Social Influence most likely to occur?

Ambiguous or uncertain situations.

Informational Social Influence (ISI) is driven by what kind of internal process?

A rational judgment.

Which of Kelman's types of conformity is typically caused by Informational Social Influence?

Internalisation

Looking to others for behavioral cues in an unfamiliar situation is an example of _____.

Informational Social Influence

What is the primary reason for Normative Social Influence (NSI)?

The desire to gain social approval and avoid rejection or isolation.

What fundamental human need drives Normative Social Influence?

The need to fit in and belong to a group.

Normative Social Influence (NSI) typically leads to which two types of conformity?

Compliance and Identification

Which 1956 experiment demonstrated Normative Social Influence (NSI)?

Asch's line experiment

Why did participants in Asch's experiment give obviously wrong answers?

To avoid going against the group and face social disapproval.

Which 1932 researcher provided experimental support for ISI using bean estimation?

Jenness

How did Jenness (1932) and Sherif (1935) demonstrate Informational Social Influence?

By showing individuals change their estimates in ambiguous tasks to match the group.

What is the main strength of Asch's (1956) study regarding conformity explanations?

It provides clear experimental support for Normative Social Influence (NSI).

What is one criticism of the ISI/NSI theory regarding its view of human motivation?

It is oversimplified and fails to account for other motivations, such as personal safety.

Provide an example of a motivation for conformity that is not explained by ISI or NSI.

Following speed limits for personal safety.

Why is the lack of 'real-world application' a weakness for ISI and NSI research?

The studies were conducted in artificial lab settings that differ from real-life social pressures.

Which set of factors does the ISI/NSI explanation ignore when predicting conformity?

Individual differences

List three individual differences that affect conformity but are ignored by the ISI/NSI theory.

Personality, gender, and culture.

Term: Compliance

Definition: Public agreement with a majority while privately disagreeing to gain approval. Example: Agreeing with a group's political view to avoid an argument.

Term: Internalisation

Definition: Deeply adopting a group's beliefs as one's own, leading to permanent change. Example: Converting to a religion after being influenced by a friend group.

Term: Identification

Definition: Adopting group behaviors to belong to that group, often temporarily. Example: A teenager adopting the slang of a new group of friends.

Which explanation for conformity involves private acceptance and a lasting change in beliefs?

Informational Social Influence (ISI)

Which explanation for conformity involves only public, but not private, acceptance?

Normative Social Influence (NSI)

The need to be 'right' is associated with _____ Social Influence.

Informational

The need to be 'liked' is associated with _____ Social Influence.

Normative

In the context of conformity, peer pressure is a classic example of _____ Social Influence.

Normative

True or False: In compliance, the internal belief of the individual remains unchanged.

TRUE

How does the duration of Identification compare to Compliance?

Both are often temporary, but Identification is tied to group membership rather than just immediate pressure.

What is the defining characteristic of the stimuli used in studies supporting ISI, such as Sherif's?

The stimuli are ambiguous or uncertain.

What is the defining characteristic of the stimuli used in Asch's study of NSI?

The stimuli (line lengths) have an obvious, unambiguous correct answer.

According to Deutsch and Gerrard, NSI is driven by the desire to avoid _____ and _____.

Rejection and isolation

Which study showed that people use others as a source of information when estimating the number of beans in a jar?

Jenness (1932)

What is the main limitation of applying Asch's laboratory findings to a school or workplace setting?

The laboratory setting is artificial and lacks the complexity of real-world peer pressure.

Kelman's typology: _____ is to superficial change as _____ is to permanent change.

Compliance; Internalisation

In the ISI process, why does the individual genuinely accept the majority view?

Because they have made a rational judgment that the majority is likely correct.

Under what social circumstances does behavior change from Identification typically cease?

When the individual is no longer with the group they identify with.

Which explanation for conformity is linked to the 'autokinetic effect'?

Informational Social Influence (ISI)

Which explanation for conformity is linked to giving an 'obviously wrong answer'?

Normative Social Influence (NSI)

What year did Asch conduct his famous line experiment?

1956