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What is the relationship between the number of chromosomes in a parent cell and the daughter cell during mitosis?
The daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
What are the steps in the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis?
Light absorption, ATP synthesis, NADPH production, ATP production.
What are the structures of a chloroplast?
Chloroplasts are found only in plants, involved in photosynthesis, contain their own DNA, have structures including stroma, grana, and thylakoids, and have a double membrane.
What is the structure of mitochondria?
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, involved in cellular respiration, contain their own ribosomes and DNA, have a double membrane, an intermembrane space, an inner membrane containing the electron transport chain, cristae that are highly folded, and a matrix with enzymes.
What type of bond is found in water molecules?
Polar covalent bond.
Why are the bonds in water molecules important?
They contribute to cohesion, adhesion, solubility, and cause oxygen to pull on electrons closer due to unequal sharing.
What are pigments?
Molecules that absorb light and have color.
Where do the light-dependent reactions occur?
In the thylakoids.
What is the process of the light-dependent reactions?
Electrons are excited by light and move through the electron transport chain (ETC), water is split releasing oxygen, ATP is generated from ADP, and NADP+ is converted to NADPH.
How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related?
The products of one are the reactants of the other and vice versa.
What are spindle fibers?
Protein structures in a cell important for the division of genetic material.
Why are spindle fibers important?
They attach to chromatids in metaphase and pull them apart in anaphase.
Define a scientific theory.
A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses and enables accurate predictions.
How do an amino acid's hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics affect protein folding?
Hydrophobic parts fold toward the center while hydrophilic parts move outward.
What is homeostasis?
The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment.
What moves in osmosis and how does it move?
Water moves through aquaporin channels.
What is the structure of a phospholipid?
A phospholipid has a polar, hydrophilic outside and nonpolar, hydrophobic inside which relates to membrane formation.
What is the atomic number and atomic mass?
The atomic number is the number of protons, while the atomic mass is the total number of protons and neutrons.
What is active transport?
The movement of substances through the cell membrane using energy.
How does mitosis differ between animal and plant cells?
Animal cells form a furrow, while plant cells form a cell wall.
What are external regulators of the cell cycle?
Proteins that respond to events outside the cell.
Why don’t normal cells overgrow their space?
Because of well-functioning cell cycle checkpoints.
What is the purpose of oxygen in photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Oxygen is a product in photosynthesis and a reactant in cellular respiration.
What is the gas byproduct of photosynthesis?
Oxygen.
Where is the gas product of photosynthesis produced?
In the thylakoids, released into the atmosphere.
When is the gas product of photosynthesis produced?
During the daytime when sunlight is available.
Compare diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
They are all methods of moving substances/molecules through cell membranes.
Describe the progression of stages for cellular respiration.
Glycolysis, bridge reaction (pyruvate oxidation), Krebs cycle, electron transport chain (ETC) / oxidative phosphorylation.
What are the characteristics of a cell membrane?
The cell membrane is made of phospholipids, flexible, a strong barrier, protects and supports the cell, and regulates what enters and leaves.
What are the eight characteristics of life?
Responds to the environment, maintains homeostasis, heredity, obtains and uses energy, evolves, reproduces, grows, and is organized into cells.
Why do cells divide?
To replace old cells and continue functioning.
List the electron carriers.
NADPH (photosynthesis), NAD+ and FAD (cellular respiration).
Why are electron carriers important in cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
They transfer energy during the processes.
What subatomic particles are in an atom's nucleus?
Neutrons and protons.
What exists outside of the nucleus?
Electrons.
Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?
In the thylakoids.
Where do the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur?
In the stroma.
How do enzymes affect activation energy?
Enzymes reduce activation energy, making biochemical processes easier and faster.
True or false: Molecules are constantly moving.
True.
Why is molecular movement important for cellular transport?
To absorb nutrients and eliminate waste.
Describe the pH scale in relation to H+ and OH- concentrations.
Values below 7 are acidic (H+ > OH-), 7 is neutral, and above 7 are basic (H+ < OH-).
What are the three most common atoms that bond with carbon?
Oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and hydrogen (H).
Why is an enzyme’s shape important?
It allows the enzyme to fit into the active site to bind with the substrate.
What can cause an enzyme's shape to change?
Changes in temperature, pH, or salinity.
What do all 20 amino acids share structurally?
A carbonyl group and an amino group.
How is the structure of the 20 amino acids different?
They differ in their R group.
What is facilitated diffusion?
Diffusion occurring without energy, utilizing protein channels.
When might we see facilitated diffusion?
To move glucose, sodium, and potassium.
Where does the carbon in carbohydrates come from?
Carbon dioxide.
What are histones?
Proteins found in chromatin that help package DNA.
Why are histones important?
They control gene expression.
What is a null hypothesis? Provide an example.
A hypothesis that predicts no change in results; example: "The soap will have no effect on plant growth."
What is an independent variable?
The factor that is changed in an experiment.
What is a dependent variable?
The factor that is tested and measured in an experiment.
What macromolecule makes channels, carriers, and pumps in a cell membrane?
Proteins.
What organelles are the same in plant and animal cells?
Mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, nucleus, nucleolus, Golgi apparatus, and cytoplasm.
What organelles are different in plant and animal cells?
Chloroplasts and cell walls in plants; lysosomes in animals.
What is an experiment?
A procedure used to test a hypothesis.
How is a theory different from a hypothesis?
A theory is a well-tested explanation, while a hypothesis is a tentative explanation that can be tested.
Which of the three subatomic particles is important for bonding?
Electrons.
What is the purpose of photosynthesis?
To create food for the plant.
What are ionic bonds?
Bonds that involve the transfer of electrons.
What are covalent bonds?
Bonds that involve the sharing of electrons.
What is the electron transport chain (ETC)?
The series of complexes that transfer electrons during cellular respiration.
Why do chromosomes duplicate prior to cell division?
To ensure each daughter cell receives the same DNA as the parent cell.
Provide examples of prokaryotes.
Bacteria and archaea.
Provide examples of eukaryotes.
Plants and animals.
What is the control group in an experiment?
The group that does not change and serves as a comparison.
What is an experimental group?
The group in which one variable is changed.
What are the products and reactants of cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis: products - oxygen and glucose; reactants - carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. Cellular Respiration: products - carbon dioxide, water, and energy; reactants - oxygen and glucose.
How is a concentration gradient of H+ created to fuel ATP production?
By the release of hydrogen ions through the electron transport chain (ETC) to power ATP synthase.
In a chemical reaction equation, what do we call the items on the left side? How about the right side?
Left side: reactants. Right side: products.
What are the three parts of cell theory?
All cells come from other cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, all living things are made of cells.
When does fermentation occur?
After glycolysis if no oxygen is present.
What are the two main types of fermentation?
Alcoholic fermentation (e.g., in bread) and lactic acid fermentation (e.g., in yogurt).
Describe the structure of ATP and how energy is released.
ATP is a triphosphate molecule; energy is released when a phosphate bond is broken during hydrolysis.
List the monomers and their respective polymers for the four macromolecules.
Protein = amino acids; carbohydrate = monosaccharide; lipid = not true polymer; nucleotide = nucleic acid.
Describe the job of the lysosome.
Recycles damaged organelles.
What is the job of the nucleus?
Stores genetic information (DNA).
What is the job of ribosomes, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and cell membrane in a cell?
Ribosomes make proteins; smooth ER synthesizes fats and detoxifies; rough ER aids protein synthesis; the cell membrane protects, supports, and regulates.
How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?
The process slows down; it increases until a certain point and then decreases.
How does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis?
It increases until saturation is reached.
How does CO2 affect the rate of photosynthesis?
It increases until a maximum point is reached.
How does water affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Less water means a slower or no process.
Why do plants appear green?
Because of chlorophyll a, the pigment involved in photosynthesis.
What does the structure of glucose look like?
A six-carbon molecule.
Describe the structure of nucleotides.
Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a sugar.
How is water created in cellular respiration?
By the acceptance of hydrogen atoms by oxygen after ATP synthesis.
What is fermentation? Know the pathways and products.
Fermentation is the process of breaking down glucose without oxygen after glycolysis, producing lactic acid or ethanol, CO2, and energy.
If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, how will the water move?
Water will move into the cell.
How is DNA different between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
In prokaryotes, DNA is not membrane-bound; in eukaryotes, DNA is stored in the nucleus.
Describe the details of the Krebs cycle.
The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria, with inputs of acetyl CoA and produces CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
How are proteins made?
By linking amino acids in ribosomes.
What is the shared purpose of mitochondria and chloroplasts?
To convert energy into forms that can be used by the cell.
What are lipids? Describe their function in the body.
Lipids are a type of fat that provide long-term energy, form membrane bilayers, and serve as hormones.
What are the stages of the cell cycle?
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
How is endocytosis different from exocytosis?
Endocytosis is the process of bringing substances into the cell, while exocytosis releases substances out of the cell.
What happens when control on the cell cycle breaks down?
It can lead to cancer.
Describe the allocation of charges and the location/movement of electrons in a polar molecule.
Polar molecules have uneven charge distribution; electrons are attracted to the more electronegative atom, typically oxygen.
How are the properties of a chemical product compared to its constituent element properties?
Products can have different properties from their constituent elements; for example, water (H2O) is liquid while its elements, hydrogen and oxygen, are gases.
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