Social Related Issues 1

Nation

A group of people that have a sense of connection to one another in someway.

Nationalism

The collective shared sense of belonging within a nation.

Nation-State

An internationally recognized territory with boundaries with an organized group of people under a sovereign government; often referred as countries.

What creates feelings of a nation/ sparks nationalism?

• Ethnicity

• Culture

• Citizenship/ Politics

• Language

• Geography

• History

• Religious/ Spiritual Beliefs

Patriotism

The external display of love and pride for a nation.

What are the expressions of nationalism?

• Celebrations of identity

• Political Actions

• Writing and Telling of History

• Artwork

• Multimedia

• Magazines and Newspapers

• Songs and Music

• Speeches

• How People Live as a Nation/ Way of Life

• Collective Understandings of the World

Why express nationalism?

To reinforce feelings of a nation allowing the unification of the people within the nation, confirmation of a nation’s identity, and personal reflection of one’s own identity.

Expressions of Nationalism among Ukrainians

• Ethnically connected to Ukraine

• Shared historical experiences with Ukraine

• Pysanky (Easter eggs decorated with wax and dye)

• Traditional Clothing (Emblazoned with traditional symbols of various regions in Ukraine)

• Traditional Dances

Expressions of Nationalism among the Acadians

• Shared history of the French and the British before their deportation and dispersion

• Evangeline, a poem about an Acadian girl searching for her lover in America

• The Flag (tricolour of red, white, and blue with a yellow star)

Expression of Nationalism among the Metis

• Louis Riel’s resistance against the Canadian government for the defence of Metis identity

• Back to Batche Days celebration with family and acquaintances

• Metis Flag

• Metis Sash (Woven with multiple colours to symbolize the many ethnic backgrounds in the Metis community)

• Michif as the main language

Expressions of Nationalism among Canadians

• Inukshuk: a guidepost that gives directions and is a symbol of hope and friendship

• Yellow ribbons being tied to welcome soldiers home

• Canadian flag

France Pre-1789

Was an absolute monarchy and a feudal society that favoured the aristocracy and the Church

• Had the Ancien Regime

What was the ancien regime?

A political system that had three tiers: the First (the roman Catholic Clergy and the Monarchy), Second (the nobility), and Third Estate (serfs and the rest of the population). Membership was established by birth and law.
- The Church owned lots of land: 20%
- The nobility enjoyed privileges that neither the first estate nor the third estate had
- The third estate were often heavily taxed despite the impoverished 97% of the population of France

What led to the French Revolution?

• Ideas from the Age of Enlightenment were spreading to the people

  • The inspiration from the American Revolution (also inspired by the Age of Enlightenment)

  • Ideas from other countries were also entering the society as more people travelled and returned to France

• The contributions of the Bourgeoisie

  • General rise of education and increased literacy within the Bourgeoisie

  • The bourgeoisie’s and some members of the second estate’s demand for reformations for an equal society

  • Resentment of being dictated by the clergy and nobility

  • The demand of experiencing privileges because of their hardwork

• The signing of making official legal documents and the court system proceed with the French language rather than Latin (1539 - Ordinance of Villers-Cotterets) - leading to making French the language everyone uses regardless of education level

• The country’s bankruptcy and high taxes in order to pay the Louis the 15 and 16th’s many wars

  • in 1787, the French government owed 4 billion livres and ran an annual deficit of 100 million livres (debt today would be in between $16 billion and $24 billion)

• Food scarcity and price gouging of necessities

• Civil unrest

• General growth of distrust in the Church and the power of the monarchy

French Revolution May 1789?

Louis the 16th called for the Estates-General, where the representatives shared ideas of political change. Little was settled due to disagreements.

What was the Estates-General?

The Estates-General is a meeting that brought representatives from the three estates and voted on issues regarding the country. Louis the 16th had called them in 1789 due to public pressure in regards to the financial crisis.

Vote-by-bloc

The Estates-General meeting had a voting system for proposed ideas in which each class ad only one representative. Often times, the First and Second Estate voted together, leading to the propositions of the Third Estate be disregarded despite their 97% in population.

What are cahiers de doleances?

The “list of grievances” of the people of the Third Estate brought to the General Estates meeting

French Revolution June 1789?

After the failed meeting, many representatives proclaimed themselves as the National Assembly and assembled at a tennis court where they swore to not disband until France had a constitution (This was called, the Tennis Court Oath).

French Revolution July 14 1789?

• The king refused to recognize the legitimacy of the Legislative Assembly and sent troops to put down any resistance

• The assembling of troops spurred rumours of an attack from the king

• Many stormed the Bastille, releasing prisoners (only 7) and collected weapons for defence

French Revolution August 1789?

• Rumours of food scarcity led the countryside to attack the estates of the nobility

• The National Assembly abolished the Estates-General, ending the feudal system and gained legislative power

• The Creation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen in detail

• The Creation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was made in 1789

  • In response to this legislation, the Declaration of the Rights of Women was made in 1791 to have equality for the women too (education, the right to vote, and work).

  • One of the first major works of human rights

  • Understood that the rights of man were universal

  • Huge impact on the development of democracy in Europe

French Revolution October 1789?

• Several thousand people marched to Versailles to protest the high price of bread

• The protesters discovered the plan of the royal family to flee France, and forced them to return to Paris

French Revolution 1790?

• Creation of a constitutional monarchy

  • Kept the country a monarchy but transformed the distribution of political powers

  • Made a sovereign nation

  • Stripped the Church of their special rights and property

  • Made all government officials subject to the law

  • Eliminated the nobility as a legally defined class

  • Grant the same civil rights to all citizens

What are the three main reasons for a revolution?

• Poor harvest

• Heavy taxation

• Bankruptcy

Absolutism

Gave the monarch the power to rule the land and the people by the “divine right of kings”— the king was only answerable to God

French Revolution 1790 - 1793

The rise of the Jacobins and Girondins

Jacobins

• Radicals who wanted to establish Frnace as a republic

• Stormed the Tuileries Palace in 1792 and suspended the king from his duties

Girondis

• Moderates who wanted to maintain the monarchy

French Revolution 1792

The Jacobins and Girondins created the National Convention and voted to remove the monarchy to establish a republic.
Later executed both King Louis and Marie Antoinette for the charge of treason

Wars were waged against Austria, Prussia, and Britain

French Revolution 1793-1794

THe reign of terror was led by Robespierre

• a Levee en masse (mass conscription) was placed to increase French soldiers

• 40,000 people were perceived as enemies of the state

• About 16, 000 people died by the guillotine

Napoleon before his reign

• Born in Corsica in 1769

• Was the son of a noble

• Attended an elite military training college in Paris

Napoleon 1785 - 1795

Made huge occupational gains within the military and made his first emergence

Napoleon 1796-1797

Reorganized the French army and won several battles against the Austrians and Italians

Napoleon 1798-1799

Napoleon attempted to attack Britain

• His army was ravaged by plague and sickness

• The British Navy destroyed many of Napoleon’s ships

Post 1799 - 1804

Napoleon seized control of France in a coup d’etat and a new constitution was introduced

• Was made First Consul of France

• 1804 - in the presence of the Pope, crowned himself as Emperor

Napoleon’s Influences on Europe

Lycee School Systems

Tax Systems

Military Tactics/ Draft

Metric System

Bank of France

Civil Laws/ Napoleonic Code

Road and Sewer Systems

Rosetta Stone

Lycee School System in Napoleonic Era

• Focus on military and scientific research

• Learned Latin, Greek, French, and sciences

• Helped streamline students into a degree that they would take in university

• Created support for a public education system and standardized them

• They are divided into three categories: lycee general, lycee technologique, and lycee professionel— depending on the type of post-secondary education the student desires.

Tax System in Napoleonic Era

Abolished taxation based on class

Military Tactics in Napoleonic Era

• Promotion were based on merit rather than family/ blood

• Use of territory rather than rations and supplies

• Conscription into the military to resupply troops into armies

Bank of France in napoleonic Era

• Created to Foster France’s growth post Revolution

• Bank’s task was to issue bank notes payable to the bearer on sight in exchange for discount commercial bill

• Tried to be separate from the state

Napoleonic Code

• Created a law system that only recognized “trtue crimes”

  • Did not mention religious crimes (blasphemy, heresy, sacrilege, witchcraft, or homosexuality…)

• Made all people adhere to the law

• Attempt at abolishing the class systems

• People were innocent until proven guilty

• Promoted personal freedoms

Napoleon 1804-1814

During his reign:

• Napoleon expanded French control and influence to other countries by placing his relatives into other royal families

• Napoleon’s conquest spread new ideas associated with the revolution throughout Europe (especially the Napoleonic Code)

Napoleon 1805-1814

Napoleon expanded his empire by claiming territories on behalf of France. His expansions led to fights with Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, and Russia.

Economic disputes with Britain led to the creation of the Continental System which attempted the prohibition of his allies and territories from trading with Britain.

Napoleon March- June 1815

Napoleon’s reign ended once he was removed as emperor and exiled to an island in the Atlantic called Elba. He escaped and returned to France. He seized control for a hundred days. He was exiled again in St. Helena until his death.

What is collective consciousness?

A group or nation may share a collective conscious when its members collectively share similar values, beliefs, and internalized feelings based on their shared experiences. This allows them to develop their identity as a group rather than as individuals.

Where does the name “Canada” come from?

Saint-Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata meaning “village”, “settlement”, or “land”.

How did conscription divide Canada in World War (1 or 2 lowkey forgot)?

It divided the British (who felt loyalty to Britain) and the Quebecois (who felt no loyalty to Europe and wished to not be drafted)

How did the Battle of Vimy Ridge develop Canadian nationalism?

This had been the first time in which near all of Canada’s soldiers fought together at Vimy Ridge in World War 1

What are the guaranteed freedoms in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms?

• conscious and religion

• association

• peaceful assembly including protests

• thought, belief, expression, and opinion (the press)

What are the legal rights in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms?

• The presumption of innocence

• The right to life, liberty, and security of person

• Security against unreasonable search and seizure

What are the democratic rights in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms?

• Right to vote completely anonymous

• Mobility rights, such as the right to live in any province

• Equal protection under the law for all Canadians (but affirmative action programs are specifically permitted)

What are French-Canadians called in and out of Quebec respectively? Why are they called differently?

Outside of Quebec: Francophones

Inside Quebec: Canadien or Canadien-Francais

Quebec identity emerged in the 20th century as a political and linguistic distinction from Francophones elsewhere in Canada

How were Quebecois at a social and financial disadvantage to the Anglophones prior to the 20th century?

• English businesses dominated the province

• Anglophones were paid higher wages

• Immigrants taught their children English over French in order to join the prosperous English businesses

• Francophones grew isolated and alone

What reforms were made under Rene Lesesque?

• Modernization of Quebec’s industries

• Nationalization of hydroelectricity industry

• Reformations to the education system

• Establishment of social programs and public institutions offering services in French

What new groups emerged with the rise of nationalism? Why did these new groups form?

• RIN (Ressemblement pour l’independence nationale)

• MSA (Movement Soveraintete-Association)

• PQ (Parti Quebecois) founded in 1968 by combining MSA and RIN

These groups felt that the reforms were too moderate and pushed for dramatic change

What contributions did Pierre Trudeau have for the identity of the Quebecois?

• Official Languages Act of 1969

• Pushed for promotion of the French Language

• More promotion in the Charter in 1982

Who are the FLQ and what was the FLQ crisis?

A radical group that attempted to spark change through violence and protests.

In October 1970, the FLQ kidnapped two people and murdered one of them that led the government to put up the War Measures Act

What was the War Measures Act?

• Suspended the citizens’ legal rights (especially mobility)

• Used to detain 400 Quebecois without laying any charges

• Allowed for stricter control from the military and government

• Brought even more tension and division

• Was the first time it was used in a non-war situation

What are the causes of the rise of nationalism?

• Social

• Political

• Economic

Parti Quebecois

• Led by Rene Levesque

• Promoted and offered sovereignty and independence for Quebec

• Levesque presented a referendum where 60% voted against the independence

What are is a referendum? What is the procedure for referendums?

The government proposes a plebiate (poll) to the general public and they must act on what the majority wish for.

What is the Committee of Public Safety

• created to protect the new republic from foreign invasion and internal rebellion

• Was given a broad supervisory power over military, judicial, and legislative efforts

• Committee was taken over by the radical Jacobins; ousted the moderate Girondists

• Headed by Maximillian Robespierre

What were Brian Mulroney’s contributions to French Nationalism?

• 1987, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney tried to amend the constitution to include the concerns of Quebec

• All premiers met at Meech Lake to draft details, a tentative agreement was drawn up

What was the Meech Lake Accord?

Quebec would be:

• recognized as a distinct society within Canada

• Each province had three years to implement the details (Newfoundland and Manitoba failed with feuled some Quebecois)

The party of Bloc Quebecois

Held a referendum in 1995 where 59.58% called to stay and 49.42 voted to leave.

Was born from the Meech Lake Accord

American Revolution 1765-1776

• In 1765, members of American colonial society rejected the authority of the British Parliament to tax them without any representative in the government

• Nationalism grew until protests in Boston sparked a British military response

• In 1776, representatives of the 13 colonies voted unanimously to adopt a Declaration of Independence

What was the Boston Massacre?

• An incident on March 5, 1770

• The British Army soldiers shot and killed several people while under attack by a mob

• The incident was heavily publicized by patriots of the American nation

The Boston Tea Party

• In May 10, 1773

• Demonstrators destroyed and hauled off an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company

When is America’s independence date?

July 14, 1776

American Civil War 1861-1865: What were the two different sides?

South (Confederation) had slaves and was predominantly an agricultural industry.

North (Union) opposed to slavery and was predominantly a factory industry.

What was the Emancipation Proclamation?

• A document in 1862 that Abraham Lincoln wrote

• Proclaimed the freedom of slaves and made ending slavery in the south a focus of the war

What is the American Dream?

The American Dream is a set of ideals in which freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity and success, and an upward social mobility for the family and children, achieved through hard work in a society with few barriers.

This was rooted in the Declaration of Independence— “all men are created equal” with the right to “Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.”

What is the “Defenders of Democracy?”

• Depicted in movies and media (especially in Hollywood)

• Has to do with America’s role around the world (high militarism)

Why does America view themselves as the Defenders of Democracy? Why might other countries not agree with that perspective?

Very opinionated answer for this question, but guiding points are:

• America was born from a revolution, sparking the feeling of fighting for freedom with their military in other countries just as they had done before for theirs

• However, other countries have felt that they were controlled rather than freed by America