rt chapter 8

matter

anything that occupies space and has shapenor form

mass

quantity of matter that makes up any physical object

atoms

building blocks of matter

neutrons protons electrons

particles that compose atoms:

neutrons protons

together form the nucleus of the atom

electrons

circlr the nucleus in orbits called shells

niels bohr

he describe the miniature solar in 1913 known as Bhor’s atom

electron

very small particle carring one unit of negative electric charge (1.602×10^-19)

9.1×10^-31 kg

mass of electron

0

atomic mass of electron

Joseph John Thomson

discovered electrons

neutron

electrically neutral (no charge)

1.675×10^-27 kg

mass of neutron

1

atomic mass number of neutron

James Chadwick

discovered neutrons

protons

carries all the atoms positive electrical charge (1.602×10^-19)

1.673×10^-27 kg

mass of proton

1

atomic mass number of proton

Eugen Goldstein

discovered protons

elements

substances made up of only ond type of atom

molecules

two or more atoms may combine chemically

chemical compound

consists of only ome type of molecule

mixtures

substances that contain more than one type of molecule

ionization

a process when a neutral atom gains or loses an electron.

energy

the ability to do work

potential

kinetic

chemical

electrical

thermal

electromagnetic

forms of energy

potential energy

the ability to do work by virtue of position

kinetic energy

the energy of motion

chrmical energy

energy released by way of chemical reaction

electrical energy

work that can be done by electronic charge

thermal energy

energy af motion at the atomic or molecular level

electromagnetic energy

type of energy in xray

sine waves

electromagnetic energy occurs in the form of?

photon

smallest unit of electromagnetic energy

quanta

photons occur as discrete “bundles” of energy

amplitude

distance between the crest and the trough of the wave

wavelength

distance from one crest to the next

frequency

number of times per second that a crest passes a given point

sone wave velocity

wavelength × frequency = velocity

sine wave energy

sine waves with shorter wavelength (higher frequency)

ionizing radiation

sufficient energy to remove an electron from its orbit

electricity

x ray energy is human made and produced electrically

conductors

electric charges will drift of flow