BIOCHEM - MODULE 1 LESSON1

BIOCHEMISTRY

BIOCHEMISTRY

the science of the chemical basis of life.

BIOCHEMISTRY

deals with the study of the chemical constituents of living cells and the reactions and processes they undergo.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

is the backbone of Biochemistry.

METABOLISM

the totality of chemical reactions that occur in living matter.

MOLECULAR GENETICS

The chemistry of process and substances that store and transmit biological information

PHARMACOLOGY

study of drugs

PHYSICAL AGENTS

extremes of temperatures, etc.

CHEMICAL AGENTS

e.g drugs

BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

microorganisms

LACK OF OXYGEN

depletion of oxygen on hemoglobin

GENETIC DISORDERS

congenital, molecular

IMMUNOLOGIC REACTIONS

anaphylaxis, autoimmune disease

CELL WALL

Polysaccharide

VACUOLE

small molecules

CHLOROPLAST

Liquid, protein, carbohydrates

PLASMA MEMBRANE

Has selective permeabilities and acts as a protective barrier to the uncontrolled flow of water and other composition between the inside and outside of the cell.

PLASMA MEMBRANE

Forms closed compartments on the cytoplasm to define cell boundaries.

TRANSPORTERS AND ION CHANNELS

The selective permeabilities for ions and substrates are provided by

EXOCYTOSIS AND ENDOCYTOSIS

Exchanges material with the extracellular environment by

GAP JUNCTIONS

specialized membrane structure which adjacent cells exchange materials

WATER BALANCE AND ION FLUX

Changes in the membrane structure can affect

FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA

mutation in the gene encoding LDL receptor

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

mutation in the gene encoding the CFTR protein, a Cl- Transporters

WILSON DISEASE

mutation in the gene encoding a copper-dependent ATPase

ASYMMETRIC

Membranes has an _____________ structures

HEAD

PHOSPOLIPID:

hydrophilic or water loving

TAILS

PHOSPOLIPID:

hydrophobic or water hating

MICELLE

Between lipid and non lipid soluble substance, which penetrates readily?

GLYCOPROTEINS

Important integral membrane proteins, where they play a role in cell-cell interactions

CHOLESTEROL

Resides mainly in the plasma membrane but also found in lesser quantities in mitochondria, Golgi complex, and nuclear membrane.

CHOLESTEROL

Acts as stabilizer that limits the movement of phospholipids layers, which slide back and forth in the membrane.

TINY GAPS OR GAP JUNCTIONS

Special areas of membrane structures through which adjacent cells exchange material

OXYGEN

Enable small molecules such as ____________ to diffuse readily into and out of the cell

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

The steady stream of oxygen into the cell enables it to carry out________________ (provides the energy needed to carry out cell functions)

TRANSPORTERS

Specific proteins involved in facilitated diffusion and active transport.

“PING-PONG” MECHANISM OF FACILITATED DIFFUSION

In this model, the carrier protein exist in two principal conformation

PING STATE

carrier is exposed to high concentrations of solute, and molecules of solute bind to specific sites.

PING STATE

binding induces conformational change.

PONG STATE

the conformational change exposes the carrier to lower concentration of solute.

UNIPORT SYSTEM

Moves one type of molecule bidirectionally

SYMPORT SYSTEM

Moves two solutes in the same direction

ANTIPORT SYSTEM

Moves two molecules in opposite directions (Na+ in, Ca ++ out)

ION CHANNELS

are large transmembrane proteins that serve to provide a pathway for ions to diffuse at a high rate across the cell membrane according to their electrochemical potential

LARGE TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS

Ion channels are that serve to provide a pathway for ions to diffuse at a high rate across the cell membrane according to their electrochemical potential

LIGAND-GATED

A specific molecule binds to a receptor and opens the channel

VOLTAGE-GATED

Open (or close) in response to changes in the membrane potential.

MECHANICALLY GATED

Respond to mechanical stimuli (pressure, touch)