Mizzou Hist_2150 Final

Foreign Understanding of War

Foreign Understanding of War

Britain and France notice the war and recognize that it's getting out of control, thus threatening world order. British Prime Minister Palmerston and liberal British abolitionists pull back and say that the war isn't about slavery -- want to avoid a race war.

William Seward

Secretary of state to Lincoln during the Civil War; main objective was to keep European countries from acknowledging the Confederacy; believed slavery was morally wrong; pro-Irish; whig —> radical republican —> conservative; anti-British —> pro-British systems (economic and cultural)

New York Draft Riots (July 1863)

U.S. Congress passed a law of conscription requiring all men 20-45 to enter the draft (excluding African-Americans); July 13, 1863, NY governor tries to enforce the conscription law and sparks the greatest civil disturbance in the city’s history; many White workers (mainly Irish) were upset because African-Americans were not required to fight and they felt they would take their jobs (racial backlash against Emancipation Proclamation); rich whites could also pay $300 to hire a substitute to fight in their place

Richmond Bread Riots

Winter 1863: Richmond, VA was underfed, inflation was nearly 10x higher and many were cold; some southern women gathered around the capitol building and demanded to see the governor; the women then riot in the city by stealing food and clothes— eventually the governor and Jefferson Davis came to settle them down (led to less support for the Confederate war effort from southern women; loss of privilege = wanting husbands to come home)

Gettysburg Address

Lincoln addressed people at the memorial for the Battle of Gettysburg ; stated the Founding Fathers’ vision was written in the Declaration of Independence rather than Constitution; Declaration = all men created equal, Constitution didn't ban slavery (Civil War not just a fight to save the Union, but a struggle for freedom and equality for all)

Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address (1865)

Brink of Union victory; Lincoln touches on the idea of Reconstruction: need to avoid harsh treatment of the South and to acknowledge that both sides were wrong in the war (share some of the blame for the sin of slavery); goal of reunification

Election of 1864

Abraham Lincoln was re-elected as president. Lincoln ran under the National Union banner against his former top Civil War general, George B. McClellan (Democratic candidate); Lincoln was going to lose until General Sherman captured Atlanta and changed the tide of war into Union favor (Lincoln wins popular vote and loses 21 electoral votes); demonstrates the progress of the Union military in 1864 and a presidential campaign that portrayed the Democratic platform as traitorous

15th Amendment

Gave African-Americans the right to vote officially in 1870 (backed up the Voting Rights Act of 1865); led to allies with whites in southern states so republicans in the south could be elected (process of radical reconstruction)

Reconciliationists Views of War

Celebrates the reconciliation of difference between the North and South; South had nothing to hang head on— says North and South are both at fault but South admits leaving was bad; both kinda say that slavery isn't that bad (enables southern white supremacy and Jim Crow laws)

Emancipationists Views of War

Civil War was about rights and the demolition of slavery; emancipation days are celebrated (ex. Juneteenth); African-Americans mainly support this view

Civil War Finance on Wall Street

Union: 1.) Tariffs (Moral Yankee Act) = chief source of revenue for the federal government (taxes on imports); essential to the Union war effort // 2.) Most of the $ the Union uses for the war is borrowed (2/3 of the Union is financed through borrowing); immigrants invest in the Union cause // 3.) Jay Cooke issues Union war bonds // 4.) 1862 Legal Tender Act (greenbacks = national currency); National Bank Act (centralizes power); Birth of Wall Street (American economy is financially independent from Britain for the first time)

Confederacy: 1.) Failed to secure foreign financial support (southern bonds are risky investment = higher interest rate) // 2.) Jefferson Davis failed to repay foreign debts // 3.) Inadequate fiscal structures in the South (print paper money)

Homefronts

1.) Both sides are American (no "Homefront")

2.) Power was harnessed through familial units and how they are supplied (both are supplying the "Homefront")

King Cotton Diplomacy

South held cotton hostage following the North’s Anaconda Plan (did this to blackmail Europe to support the Confederacy since they depended so much on cotton); 2.5 million bales of cotton were torched in the South to create an intentional shortage (forced shortage = cotton prices spiking to unprecedented levels in global markets)

Freedman’s Bureau

Established in 1865 by Congress to help millions of former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the Civil War; provided food, housing and medical aid, established schools and offered legal assistance; attempted to settle former slaves on land confiscated or abandoned during the war; never achieved its goal because of race and politics of reconstruction preventing funding and people to run it

14th Amendment

Ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former slaves—and guaranteed all citizens "equal protection of the laws"; in late 1920s Supreme Court backs the amendment

10% Plan

Lincoln’s blueprint for the Civil War; Confederate states could be re-admitted into the Union once 10% of its voters (from the voter rolls for the election of 1860) swore an oath of allegiance to the Union and recognized the emancipation of former slaves; granted southern states a pathway to reconstruction

Northern Finance

Took out a $50 million loan from private bankers, instituted new taxes, increased the number of treasury agents, and helped push for the establishment of what would become the Internal Revenue Service (Wall Street becomes 2nd-biggest financial market in the world; tensions post-war in the Union due to unequal distribution of wealth —> socioeconomic inequality = class-based social order)

Wade-Davis Bill

Rival to Lincolns 10% Plan (rival plan for Reconstruction); required 51% of white men in each southern state to swear loyalty to the Union and denied the right to vote or hold office to anyone who had volunteered to fight for the Confederacy; new governors were to be chosen by the president.

Panic of 1873

A major economic reversal began in Europe and reached the United States in the fall of 1873; signal event on this side of the Atlantic was the failure of Jay Cooke and Company, the country's preeminent investment banking concern— the firm was the principal backer of the Northern Pacific Railroad

Homestead Act of 1862

Passed by 37th Congress and gave settlers in the West up to 160 acres of land if they lived on the land for 5 years and improved it; encourages western expansion and is an immigrant magnet

Jay Cooke

American financier who helped finance the Union war effort during the American Civil War and the postwar development of railroads in the northwestern United States; led to Panic of 1873 when he couldn't sell his bonds

John Fremont

Republican from California; army general that signed treaty ending war in California; first republican party presidential candidate in 1856; radical republican (in favor of passing abolition legislation and abolishing slavery in federal territories)

Salmon P. Chase

Treasurer during Civil War; helped pass Legal Tender Act that created paper money; helped passed National Banking Act that created a national bank and a single currency; later a Supreme Court Justice that helped promote the Reconstruction Acts in the south and also helped African-Americans

George McClellan

First commander named by Lincoln to lead the Union forces; later a democratic presidential candidate against Lincoln

Hiram Revels

Republican from Natchez, Mississippi; became the first African-American to sit in the U.S. Congress when he was elected to the U.S. Senate.

Southern Finance

Initially relied on tariffs on imports and taxes on exports, then on King Cotton Diplomacy and private funding; later issued paper money which became very inflated and caused the Confederacy a substantial amount of debt; used a war tax but it was hard to collect

Reconstruction Acts (1867)

1. Created 5 military districts in the south except for TN

2. Each district had a military official that could appoint or remove officials

3. Voters to be registered including freedmen and whites who pledged oaths of allegiance

4. New state constitution that includes the 14th amendment

Phases of Reconstruction

1. Begins with emancipation and again after the war ends

2. Presidential reconstruction- Johnson gives land to Freedman’s Bureau; makes south pay debts but allows them to govern themselves (enables them to set up "black codes")

3. Radical reconstruction- Congress vetoes Johnson bill in 1866; set up Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Republican Vision of the West

Achieved during 37th congress (legislative give-aways); set up Homestead Act, Pacific Railroad act of 1862, Banking Act of 1864, Moral Land Grant Act (promotion of higher education and hydraulic strip mining), Department of Agriculture (promotes free labor), Bureau of Immigration

Ohio and Mississippi 1875

Republican governor candidate in Mississippi asks President Grant to send federal troops into the state to stop the KKK; Republican governor candidate in Ohio asks for Grant to not send federal troops into Mississippi (if he does he won't win reelection); Mississippi is lost forever as Grant sides with Ohio (intimidation of black voters and outright fraud to insure white democratic victory in upcoming elections)

Immigration

14th Amendment gave citizens "naturalized" citizenship; highest immigration before war with 18% foreign born; lowest immigration after war (Homestead Act and Bureau of Immigration help promote this)

Women on the Homefront

Southern White Women: 1.) Diverse group (wives of slaveholders to wives doing labor) // 2.) Enthusiasm, support, and advocacy for the Confederacy early in the war (family, send sons to war -- voluntary enlistment) // 3.) Resistance to Union occupation (ex. New Orleans invasion; women are unruly and dump chamber pots on Yankees) // 4.) Deprivation; shortages of food on the "Homefront" (insert themselves in the political sphere = eroding support of confederate war effort)

Yankee Women: 1.) Wartime participation was enthusiastic but more binding/permanent (social networks; ex. churches, women's colleges, social clubs) // 2.) Sent goods to Union soldiers like medical supplies // 3.) Support transforms politics, but does not bring about equality

Charles Sumner

Senator from Massachusetts; Sumner-Brooks affair; radical republican (urges Lincoln during the war to free slaves); active in radical reconstruction; free soiler; anglophobe —> significance of Sumner’s speech in 1869 = direct/indirect losses from the Florida and the Alabama were very high, so Britain should give the Union Canada

"Rich man's war, poor man's fight"-

Expression of frustration that wealthy Civil War draftees could hire substitutes to fight in their places

Andrew Johnson

President from TN during reconstruction following Lincoln’s death; most racist president— doesn’t care about African-Americans or abolition; doesn't really get involved in the south and vetoes a lot of reconstruction bills (vetoes extension of Freedman’s Bureau and Civil Rights Act of 1866); wanted re-union to occur ASAP; main achievement is buying Alaska

Radical Reconstruction

Followed after Congress vetoes Johnson bill in 1866; radical republicans thump the democrats in 1866; set up Reconstruction Acts of 1867; attempted to impeach Johnson

Confederate Diplomacy

1.) Confederate Constitution presented a conservative confederacy based on self-determination (had to entice foreign nations; increasing use of racial categories to reintroduce European power in the Western Hemisphere)

2.) South withheld their cotton supply to Britain = cotton shortage in the UK; blackmail Britain into supporting the South (King Cotton Diplomacy)

Union Diplomacy

1.) Aggressively retain the Civil War in America's borders (prevent foreign powers from entering the war/supporting the confederacy)

2.) Adaptable; Trent Crisis similar to Maryland & Kentucky (Britain threatens war if the 2 rebels aren't released from Yankee control in Britain (neutral country) -- Lincoln advocates for their release so the Union doesn't collapse); (Union threatens war with Britain when they make war vessels for the confederacy, the Florida + the Alabama)

Presidential Reconstruction

Johnson gives land to Freedman’s Bureau and makes south pay debts, but allows them to govern themselves (enables them to set up "black codes")

Civil War Out West

1.) Native extermination and slave emancipation went together in the West (building a larger white-family community also meant getting rid of the Natives)

2.) 3-Cornered War: War between Union, Confederacy, and Native Americans (Confederacy force the Navajos to move to smaller reservations otherwise they'll view them as enemies)

3.) New Mexico is integrated in 1850 and uses popular sovereignty (connects to California; small populations of settlement -- not a large black population)

4.) "White degradation" if slavery/plantations are brought to the West (also why they try to get rid of Natives)

Constitutional Debates on Secession

1.) State Suicide: as states seceded, they committed "state suicide" (coined by Charles Sumner) because Congress could no longer claim them -- give up their rights and sovereignty

2.) Jefferson Davis' Trial & Result: Mississippi secession revoked Jefferson's citizenship, so since he wasn't a citizen he couldn't have been hung for treason (no military trial, but a civil trial); trial over whether secession was legal or not

3.) Holding in Texas v. White (1869): Held that secession was illegal, so the sale of bonds was also illegal (Texas sold U.S. bonds after they seceded starting in 1850)

“Glory” Film

1.) First All-Black Volunteer Regiment: First Kansas Colored Infantry Regiment

2.) "The majority was the minority": 12% African-Americans, 25% migrants, 14% children of immigrants

U.S. Tariffs (Morrill Tariff)

Passed by Congress in 1861 under Buchanan’s administration; raised taxes on shipping from 5% to 10% and increased again to meet the demanding cost of the war; some claim the law was so unfair to southern states that it caused them to secede from the Union

Julia Ward Howe

Changed the words to “John Brown’s Body” to make it about the Civil War —> strikes a deal with the Atlantic Monthly and writes “Battle Hymn of the Republic” = general idea that Christ sacrificed himself for mankind, so the North should do the same (slips feminism into the song by recognizing Mary’s role as Jesus’ mother)

U.S. Presidents

John Tyler, James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes

James Brothers, William Quantrill

Quantrill’s Raiders: William Quantrill (leader), Jesse James, and Frank James; pro-Confederate partisan guerrillas (a.k.a “bushwhackers”); Lawrence, Kansas outlawed Quantrill’s men and jailed some of their young women —> Quantrill’s raid on Lawrence, killing more than 180 civilians in retaliation for the casualties caused when the women’s jail collapsed

James Lane

Prominent figure in establishing Kansas as a “free state”; key figure in “Bleeding Kansas” as a leader of the Jayhawkers (leading the Kansas Brigade)— terrorized inhabitants of Missouri counties sharing a border with Kansas; known to be ruthless

Lord Palmerston

Prime Minister through the entirety of the American Civil War; opponent of slavery, yet he believed a divided U.S. could strengthen Britain’s economic and strategic military power in North America

William Gladstone

UK Prime Minister (1868-1894); Gladstonian Policies: Free trade, in favor of international institutions, in favor of the Anglican Church, in favor of the Gold Standard and free rule over Ireland; tory-conservative free trader —> liberal following the repeal of the Corn Laws (wants to cut taxes and slash budgets); young Gladstone acknowledged Confederacy’s independence/legitimacy— older Gladstone regrets this; “Kin Beyond the Sea” (create peace channels between U.S. and Britain)

Maximillian

Archduke of Austria; invited to become Emperor of Mexico in 1863 by Napoleon III— accepted the offer and arrived in Mexico in 1864; created a conservative government that controlled much of the country, but liberals held on to power in northwestern Mexico and parts of the Pacific coast (French intervention in Mexico during the Civil War)

Napoleon III

French emperor; France kept a strict neutrality regarding the American conflict, but Napoleon III considered formally recognizing the Confederate states as a separate nation (some French capitalists assisted the South by providing loans/financial assistance); Napoleon III invaded Mexico in 1862 (saw an opportunity to expand the French Empire in the New World)

Matias Romero

Mexican politician and diplomat; sent to the United States to lobby US support against the French invasion of Mexico in 1861— Seward issued statements of disapproval towards France, but the U.S. Government was unable to intervene directly because of the American Civil War (Seward and Lincoln did not want to further antagonize Napoleon III and risk his intervention on the side of the Confederacy)

Global Legacy of the War

By 1890 formal slavery is gone in the Western Hemisphere; rise of republican-democratic liberal governments (self-government); rapid emergence of U.S. as a global power —> railroad development (boost economy), industrialization and finance capitalism (Wall Street emerging and becoming an imperial financial power), imperialism of Latin American territories