WW1

Bismarck

Bismarck

former chancellor of Germany- dismissed by Wilhem

Bismarck's foreign policy goals

isolate France, maintain allyship with Austria

Bismarck's obstacles

Difficult to form an alliance with tensions among the 5 great powers of Europe

Russia's humiliation

-Lost the Russo-Japapanese War

-Lost Congress of Berlin and has land taken away from them

Triple Alliance

alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy(changed sides)

“I hate France“

Triple Entente

alliance between France, Russia, England

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey

Allies

France, Great Britain, Russia, US

Kaiser Wilhelm II foreign policy goals?

wanted Germany to become a global power with a strong navy

von SchlieffenPlan

-German plan to place 90% of troops at Belgium border to attempt to pass through to France

-then curve over and surround French army pushing them back toward Germany

-Rejected and invades Belgium

-von Schlieffen dies and his replacement pulls out of plan

Plan XVII

French attempt at a rush at German soldiers at Alsalce-Lorraine

-lead by Joffre

Congress of Vienna and Versaille Confrence simliaries?

A meeting among powers across Europe to discuss peace

Immediate causes of WWI

Militarism

Alliances

Nationalism

Imperialism

Archduke assasination

countries of Paris Peace Confrence

All countries that participated in the war except Germany and Russia

-big 4: Britain, France, US, Italy

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Leader of Austria whos death sparked WW1

-planned on annexing bosnia

-visiting Serbia when the Black Hand assassinated him

blank check

alliance between Austria and Germany that would ensure support and protection with their actions

Edmund Grey

foreign minister of England

-convinced Britain to join the war after Germany invaded Belgium

-“the lamps are going out“

Emporer Franz Joseph

Shared a dual-monarchy with Austria (Austria-Hungary)

-signed declaration of war against Serbia

Belguim and scrap of paper

England was preparing on asisting Belguim as they had a treaty between the countries

-Germany questioned England if they were going to go to war over a “scrap of paper“

What made WWI different than other wars? (technology)

introduction of war inventions

-artilletry, gas, machine guns, blimps. planes, battleships, submarines, tanks

What weapon caused stalemate?

artillery and tanks

tension in Balkans region

Serbian nationalist group assassinated Ferdinand in hopes of uniting slavic people which lead to WW1

Eastern Front

involved Russia, Germany, and Balkan region

How did Russia help the allies cause?

Setting up troops along the eastern front helped hold down the Germans while other nations battles the western front

Militarism

rapid increase of weapons

-must use before they become obsolete (arms race)

Nationalism

-tensions between countries; unite pan-slavics (Serbia and Russia want Bosnia but belongs to Austria)

-pushed citizens to join under a patriotic mindset

Imperialism

Expansions of empires (England,France) led to tensions over land

Alliances

-alliance between Serbia and Russia forced Russia to join

-alliance between Germany and Austria forced Germany to join

Reperations

punishment Germany faced after the war

-billions for damages

Ultimatum

-Austria’s ultimatum to Serbia after assassination; failed to comply, declared war

-Germany’s ultimatum to Belgium to allow them to cross through to France; did not comply, Germany invaded killing thousands

Propaganda

portrayal of Germany and Austria as inhumane savages

Woodrow Wilson

pres of US

-sent US into war

-strongly advocated for the League of Nations after war as one of 14 points

Georges Clemenceau

prime minister of France; advocated for harsh punishment against Germans

Vittorio Orlando

prime minister of Italy; wanted land for Italy as promised by England and France

Zimmerman Telegram

Telegram sent by Germany to mexico asking for assistance if US joins war

-will reward with TX, CA, NM and AZ

Versailles Peace Conference 1919-20

meeting among the winning allies of ww1-30 nations

discussed matters of peace after the war

How did the Allies respond to Wilson’s vision for peace?

Britain and France showed little sign of agreeing to Wilson's plan as they were concerned about Germany and the consequences they will impose

First Battle of Marne 1914

French protecting Paris as Germany draws closer using the von Schlieffen plan

Battle of Tannenberg 1914

Russia v Germany-eastern front

-Samsonov + Rennenkapf: Russian general who hated each other

-Russia greatly outnumbered Germans but were poorly trained

-eventually German troops encircled the Russians and defeated them

Why did the Allies begin the Gallipoli campaign?  What were their goals? 1915-16

Britian wanted to send supplies to Russia and to weaken ottoman empire

Armenian Genocide

genocide inflicted upon christian armenians by muslim turks

-1.5 million dead

-first genocides of the 20th centuries

-inspired Hitler

Battle of Verdun/Attrition 1916

battle between the French and Germans

-Germans initiated battle as they must defeat them to stop the British blockades

-Take over Fort Verdun and force French to keep sending soldiers that are immediately killed

Petain: French general believes they must hold their ground

-300,000 killed, more wounded

Battle of Somme 1916

battle between British and Germans

-while French were suffereing loses at Verdun, British began sending troops to Somme

-soldiers inexperienced(soccer club kids) and immediatly killed by machine guns

-1 mil. casualties, 300,000 deaths

Brusilov Offensive 1916

Attack led by Russia that greatly weakened Austria-Hungary and soon led to their collapse but came at the cost of million casualties, weakening Russia too

What tactics did England use to help defeat Germany

Blockades: preventing food and goods to enter Germany, starving the people

What is unrestricted submarine warfare?

Germany shooting down every sub/boat entering British ports regardless of innocence

Sinking of Lusitania

A commercial cruise sunk by German boats

-1200 dead: 128 americans

-added to the tension between the US

Why did the U.S. enter World War I?

Tension accumalating from ships being sunk by Gernany and finally joined after Zimmerman Telegram

Nivelle Offensive 1917

led by French general: Nivelle

-an attack on Germany right as US was joining

-sent tanks and artillery but by day 5: 200,000 dead

-Red Herring noticed and alerted Germany

-wives began going on strike and soldiers refused to leave trenches

Battle of Ypres (3rd) 1917

Allies v Germans

-use of tanks and mass artillery against Germans

-rain and mud held back the troops

-British were victors

Douglass Haig

British general who lead the Battle of Somme and Battle of Ypres

Ludendorff

well known German general who led victory at Tannenburg but lost during the Ludendorff offensive

Hindenburg

well known German general who began submarine warfare and pressured US into joining

Falkenhayn

German general who led many successful battles until Battle of Verdun

What advantages did the German army have over the Russian army?

better trained army and artillery

Baron Manfred von Richthofen

the red barron

-most successful pilot; shot down 81 planes

Tsar Nicholas II

Leader of Russia

-mobilized troops along the Austria and German border when Austria declared war on Serbia

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Leader of Germany during and after WW1

-desired a strong naval force

-fired Bismarck and replaces with a weaker man(capri)

-broke neutral alliance with Russia

Total War

war inflicted upon civilians as they would upon soldiers

-belguim invasion

-british/german blokade

Trench Warfare tactics and realities

two sides would dig trenches will a “no mans land“ in between

-bombard each other with artillerly and shells

-then sent solders to charge at oppsoing trench in hopes of taking over it

reality: boring, had lots of free time

Gas Warfare

use of chlorine, green, mustard gas

-initially not allowed to use in war but after Germany introduced it, it was used on both sides

Big Bertha

large artillerly gun/cannon was used by Germans to bombard French and Belgian forts

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

ended Russia’s participation in the war

-gave up land to central powers, countries form

Spanish Flu

influenza epidemic that spread after the war

-killed 50 million in addition to the 16 million dead from the war

Lost Generation

Generation of young adults during WW1

-by the end of the war, the survivors were disoriented and “lost“ a sense of identity

Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles

Germany is inherently responsible for war, must pay reperations, give up and shrink army, loose territory (alsalce-lorraine, ect)

Why did the senate refuse to ratify the Treaty of Versailles

US senators feared the League of Nations meant the US would be used in European disputes

Which countries became independent after World War I

Austria, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Turkey

What was the Polish Corridor

The strip of land cut through Germany to allow Poland access to seaport

Ludendorff Offensive 1918

Germany’s last attempt to attack before the US joined

-sent all their men to charge over trenches but soon ran out

Armistice Day

Nov 11, 1918

Germany surrenders

What did the French and Russian generals mistakenly think would be the key to success?

The alliance was intended to deter Germany from going to war by presenting it with the threat of a two-front war

Annie Oakley

United States sharpshooter

TE Lawrence

British soldier: "Lawrence of Arabia"

-Gathered Arabs and promied them now Palestine

-Balfour: promised Jews Palestine…

Royal Families

France: Burbons

Austria: Habsburg

Prussia: Hohenzollen

Russia: Romanov

14 points

-Formation of League of Nations

-Population decides their own gov (self-determination)

-Won’t split up countries (territorial integrity)

-Reduce weapons (disarmanment)

Mustafa Kemal

founded Turkey

-secured victoy at Galipoli

Enver Pasha

leader of the Ottoman Empire

-fought Russians and blamed Armenians for loss

-lead to genocide