Bismarck
former chancellor of Germany- dismissed by Wilhem
Bismarck's foreign policy goals
isolate France, maintain allyship with Austria
Bismarck's obstacles
Difficult to form an alliance with tensions among the 5 great powers of Europe
Russia's humiliation
-Lost the Russo-Japapanese War
-Lost Congress of Berlin and has land taken away from them
Triple Alliance
alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy(changed sides)
“I hate France“
Triple Entente
alliance between France, Russia, England
Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey
Allies
France, Great Britain, Russia, US
Kaiser Wilhelm II foreign policy goals?
wanted Germany to become a global power with a strong navy
von SchlieffenPlan
-German plan to place 90% of troops at Belgium border to attempt to pass through to France
-then curve over and surround French army pushing them back toward Germany
-Rejected and invades Belgium
-von Schlieffen dies and his replacement pulls out of plan
Plan XVII
French attempt at a rush at German soldiers at Alsalce-Lorraine
-lead by Joffre
Congress of Vienna and Versaille Confrence simliaries?
A meeting among powers across Europe to discuss peace
Immediate causes of WWI
Militarism
Alliances
Nationalism
Imperialism
Archduke assasination
countries of Paris Peace Confrence
All countries that participated in the war except Germany and Russia
-big 4: Britain, France, US, Italy
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Leader of Austria whos death sparked WW1
-planned on annexing bosnia
-visiting Serbia when the Black Hand assassinated him
blank check
alliance between Austria and Germany that would ensure support and protection with their actions
Edmund Grey
foreign minister of England
-convinced Britain to join the war after Germany invaded Belgium
-“the lamps are going out“
Emporer Franz Joseph
Shared a dual-monarchy with Austria (Austria-Hungary)
-signed declaration of war against Serbia
Belguim and scrap of paper
England was preparing on asisting Belguim as they had a treaty between the countries
-Germany questioned England if they were going to go to war over a “scrap of paper“
What made WWI different than other wars? (technology)
introduction of war inventions
-artilletry, gas, machine guns, blimps. planes, battleships, submarines, tanks
What weapon caused stalemate?
artillery and tanks
tension in Balkans region
Serbian nationalist group assassinated Ferdinand in hopes of uniting slavic people which lead to WW1
Eastern Front
involved Russia, Germany, and Balkan region
How did Russia help the allies cause?
Setting up troops along the eastern front helped hold down the Germans while other nations battles the western front
Militarism
rapid increase of weapons
-must use before they become obsolete (arms race)
Nationalism
-tensions between countries; unite pan-slavics (Serbia and Russia want Bosnia but belongs to Austria)
-pushed citizens to join under a patriotic mindset
Imperialism
Expansions of empires (England,France) led to tensions over land
Alliances
-alliance between Serbia and Russia forced Russia to join
-alliance between Germany and Austria forced Germany to join
Reperations
punishment Germany faced after the war
-billions for damages
Ultimatum
-Austria’s ultimatum to Serbia after assassination; failed to comply, declared war
-Germany’s ultimatum to Belgium to allow them to cross through to France; did not comply, Germany invaded killing thousands
Propaganda
portrayal of Germany and Austria as inhumane savages
Woodrow Wilson
pres of US
-sent US into war
-strongly advocated for the League of Nations after war as one of 14 points
Georges Clemenceau
prime minister of France; advocated for harsh punishment against Germans
Vittorio Orlando
prime minister of Italy; wanted land for Italy as promised by England and France
Zimmerman Telegram
Telegram sent by Germany to mexico asking for assistance if US joins war
-will reward with TX, CA, NM and AZ
Versailles Peace Conference 1919-20
meeting among the winning allies of ww1-30 nations
discussed matters of peace after the war
How did the Allies respond to Wilson’s vision for peace?
Britain and France showed little sign of agreeing to Wilson's plan as they were concerned about Germany and the consequences they will impose
First Battle of Marne 1914
French protecting Paris as Germany draws closer using the von Schlieffen plan
Battle of Tannenberg 1914
Russia v Germany-eastern front
-Samsonov + Rennenkapf: Russian general who hated each other
-Russia greatly outnumbered Germans but were poorly trained
-eventually German troops encircled the Russians and defeated them
Why did the Allies begin the Gallipoli campaign? What were their goals? 1915-16
Britian wanted to send supplies to Russia and to weaken ottoman empire
Armenian Genocide
genocide inflicted upon christian armenians by muslim turks
-1.5 million dead
-first genocides of the 20th centuries
-inspired Hitler
Battle of Verdun/Attrition 1916
battle between the French and Germans
-Germans initiated battle as they must defeat them to stop the British blockades
-Take over Fort Verdun and force French to keep sending soldiers that are immediately killed
Petain: French general believes they must hold their ground
-300,000 killed, more wounded
Battle of Somme 1916
battle between British and Germans
-while French were suffereing loses at Verdun, British began sending troops to Somme
-soldiers inexperienced(soccer club kids) and immediatly killed by machine guns
-1 mil. casualties, 300,000 deaths
Brusilov Offensive 1916
Attack led by Russia that greatly weakened Austria-Hungary and soon led to their collapse but came at the cost of million casualties, weakening Russia too
What tactics did England use to help defeat Germany
Blockades: preventing food and goods to enter Germany, starving the people
What is unrestricted submarine warfare?
Germany shooting down every sub/boat entering British ports regardless of innocence
Sinking of Lusitania
A commercial cruise sunk by German boats
-1200 dead: 128 americans
-added to the tension between the US
Why did the U.S. enter World War I?
Tension accumalating from ships being sunk by Gernany and finally joined after Zimmerman Telegram
Nivelle Offensive 1917
led by French general: Nivelle
-an attack on Germany right as US was joining
-sent tanks and artillery but by day 5: 200,000 dead
-Red Herring noticed and alerted Germany
-wives began going on strike and soldiers refused to leave trenches
Battle of Ypres (3rd) 1917
Allies v Germans
-use of tanks and mass artillery against Germans
-rain and mud held back the troops
-British were victors
Douglass Haig
British general who lead the Battle of Somme and Battle of Ypres
Ludendorff
well known German general who led victory at Tannenburg but lost during the Ludendorff offensive
Hindenburg
well known German general who began submarine warfare and pressured US into joining
Falkenhayn
German general who led many successful battles until Battle of Verdun
What advantages did the German army have over the Russian army?
better trained army and artillery
Baron Manfred von Richthofen
the red barron
-most successful pilot; shot down 81 planes
Tsar Nicholas II
Leader of Russia
-mobilized troops along the Austria and German border when Austria declared war on Serbia
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Leader of Germany during and after WW1
-desired a strong naval force
-fired Bismarck and replaces with a weaker man(capri)
-broke neutral alliance with Russia
Total War
war inflicted upon civilians as they would upon soldiers
-belguim invasion
-british/german blokade
Trench Warfare tactics and realities
two sides would dig trenches will a “no mans land“ in between
-bombard each other with artillerly and shells
-then sent solders to charge at oppsoing trench in hopes of taking over it
reality: boring, had lots of free time
Gas Warfare
use of chlorine, green, mustard gas
-initially not allowed to use in war but after Germany introduced it, it was used on both sides
Big Bertha
large artillerly gun/cannon was used by Germans to bombard French and Belgian forts
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
ended Russia’s participation in the war
-gave up land to central powers, countries form
Spanish Flu
influenza epidemic that spread after the war
-killed 50 million in addition to the 16 million dead from the war
Lost Generation
Generation of young adults during WW1
-by the end of the war, the survivors were disoriented and “lost“ a sense of identity
Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles
Germany is inherently responsible for war, must pay reperations, give up and shrink army, loose territory (alsalce-lorraine, ect)
Why did the senate refuse to ratify the Treaty of Versailles
US senators feared the League of Nations meant the US would be used in European disputes
Which countries became independent after World War I
Austria, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Turkey
What was the Polish Corridor
The strip of land cut through Germany to allow Poland access to seaport
Ludendorff Offensive 1918
Germany’s last attempt to attack before the US joined
-sent all their men to charge over trenches but soon ran out
Armistice Day
Nov 11, 1918
Germany surrenders
What did the French and Russian generals mistakenly think would be the key to success?
The alliance was intended to deter Germany from going to war by presenting it with the threat of a two-front war
Annie Oakley
United States sharpshooter
TE Lawrence
British soldier: "Lawrence of Arabia"
-Gathered Arabs and promied them now Palestine
-Balfour: promised Jews Palestine…
Royal Families
France: Burbons
Austria: Habsburg
Prussia: Hohenzollen
Russia: Romanov
14 points
-Formation of League of Nations
-Population decides their own gov (self-determination)
-Won’t split up countries (territorial integrity)
-Reduce weapons (disarmanment)
Mustafa Kemal
founded Turkey
-secured victoy at Galipoli
Enver Pasha
leader of the Ottoman Empire
-fought Russians and blamed Armenians for loss
-lead to genocide