Coulter final

Triple Alliance

An alliance formed during World War I by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy intended for mutual defense.

Triple Entente

A pre-World War I alliance between France, Russia, and Britain as a counter to the Triple Alliance.

Trench Warfare

A combat method used in World War I where soldiers fought from long, narrow ditches, resulting in high casualties and a stalemate.

Fascism

A political movement that promotes a centralized autocratic government led by a dictatorial leader and emphasizes the supremacy of the nation over the individual.

Stalinism

The political system under Joseph Stalin characterized by central planning, state control over the economy, and political repression.

Dunkirk

Location in France where Allied troops were evacuated during World War II under enemy fire.

Holocaust

The systematic extermination plan orchestrated by Hitler aimed at wiping out Jews, non-conformists, and various minorities.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

A French Revolutionary law that made clergy members government employees, causing a schism in the Catholic Church in France.

Congress of Vienna

A meeting held to settle issues after the Napoleonic Wars, aiming to restore order and balance power in Europe.

Political Liberalism

A belief system advocating for legal equality, social change, religious toleration, and limited governmental power.

Nationalism

A political ideology emphasizing shared culture, language, and history as a basis for national unity.

Industrial Revolution

The transformation from an agrarian economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing that began in the 18th century.

Marx’s View of Class Conflict

Marx believed that historical development is driven by class struggles between the bourgeoisie and proletariat.

Commercial Revolution

Economic changes during the Renaissance that stimulated trade, expanded markets, and developed new financial instruments.

Humanitarianism

An ideology that prioritizes the welfare and dignity of human beings.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed to defend its members against aggression.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

A document declaring the fundamental rights and freedoms of all people, aimed at protecting human dignity.

Steam Engine

An engine invented by James Watt that revolutionized industries by providing steam power.

Colonial Motives

The driving factors for colonization, including economic gain, trade, religious freedom, and adventure.

Augustine’s Confessions

A seminal work reflecting on sin, conversion, and the relationship between humanity and God.

Trial of Socrates

The legal proceedings against Socrates, accused of impiety and corrupting the youth.

Aquinas on Faith and Reason

Aquinas argued for the compatibility of faith and reason, asserting that both can lead to knowledge of God.

Rerum Novarum

Pope Leo XIII's encyclical addressing the rights of labor and criticizing both socialism and unregulated capitalism.

The Communist Manifesto

A political pamphlet by Marx and Engels outlining the goals of communism and its critique of capitalism.

Counter-Reformation

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, including a series of reforms and clarifications of doctrine.

Scientific Revolution

A significant period of advancements in scientific thought during the 16th and 17th centuries, emphasizing observation and experimentation.

Copernicus

An astronomer who proposed that the Earth revolves around the sun, marking a pivotal shift in scientific thought.

Lewis’s Abolition of Man

A critique of subjectivism and educational practices that prioritize feelings over objective truth.

Causes of World War I

Factors leading to the war, including alliances, nationalism, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Consequences of World War II

The significant impacts of WWII, including the fall of empires, immense loss of life, and widespread destruction.