Note
Studied by 3 people
Coulter final
A. Objective – terms
1. Triple alliance
a. During World I, Germany, Austria-Hungry, and Italy formed an alliance.
b. It was intended as a defensive alliance, where each member agreed to support the others if attacked. However, Italy remained neutral at the start of World War I in 1914, and the alliance effectively expired in 1915 when Italy opposed Germany and Austria-Hungary.
2. Triple Entente
a. Triple Entente WW1 was an association between France, Russia, and Britain that formed the nucleus of the Allied Powers. It was an informal agreement of mutual support that developed from earlier alliances and agreements. It was a very powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy. Most of the first world war took place on the eastern border of France, the leader of the Triple Entente.
3. Trench warfare:
a. Trench warfare was a type of combat in World War I where soldiers fought from long, narrow ditches. The trenches were dug in zigzag patterns to prevent enemy fire from reaching far. The trenches were also protected by barbed wire and faced each other across a dangerous area called "no man's land". Trench warfare was very deadly and resulted in a stalemate on the Western Front.
4. def (or essentials) of fascism
Political movement characterized by a philosophy that exalts a nation or race above the individual and stands for a centralized autocratic government lead by a dictatorial leader, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition
a. Various right-wing dictatorships arose between the wars.
b. Fear of the spread of Bolshevism
c. Anti-Democratic
d. Anti-Marxist
e. Anti-Semitic
f. Rejected legacy of French Revolution and Liberalism
5. Stalin building communism
a. 5 year Plan (1928)
-Goal is to modernize Russia through central planning
-Collectivization (combining of smaller farms) mandatory=Famine
-Industrial Growth does result
b. 2nd 5 year Plan (1933)
-Production increases in heavy industry
-Even less consumer goods available
c. Secret Police
d. Disestablish the church-taught atheism
e. Great Purge
-dictatorship achieved
-sent to Gulag
6. Dunkirk
a. A city in northern France on the North Sea where in World War II (1940) 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk in a desperate retreat under enemy fire.
7. Holocaust
a. A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.
8. Beginning of French Revolution
a. Louis XVI calls Estates General into session, 1st time since 1614. (Clergy, Nobility, and Everyone else) He did this in order to try and to help the country's financial standing.
b. Tennis Court Oath - a pledge made by members of the Third Estate that they would not stop meeting until a constitution was written to -end absolute monarchy.
c. King Louis XVI was executed 2 years later, and the republic was established.
d. Robespierre - leader of the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution
9. Civil Constitution on the Clergy
a. A political act that made clergy members official government employees
b. A significant piece of legislation passed on July 12, 1790, during the French Revolution. It aimed to reorganize the Roman Catholic Church in France on a national basis, which led to a schism within the French Church and caused many devout Catholics to turn against the Revolution
10. Congress of Vienna
a. meeting to settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars
b. The goal was not simply to restore old boundaries but to resize the main powers so they could balance each other and remain at peace
c. Viscount Castlereagh - played a leading role in bringing together the Grand Alliance that overthrew Napoleon and in deciding the form of the peace settlements at the Congress of Vienna. He worked with the European courts represented at the Congress of Vienna to frame the territorial, and broadly conservative, continental order that was to hold until mid-century.
11. political liberals
a. System based on legal equality, religious toleration, freedom of the press, limitation on arbitrary power of government
b. Embracing change to broaden people's political, social, and cultural opportunities
12. Nationalism
a. Single most important European political ideology of nineteenth and twentieth centuries
b. People joined by bonds of common allegiance to language, customs, culture, history, and geography which is summed up in their Nation.
13. Economic life during early industrial revolution
a. Urbanization meant there were cities, diseases, and crime.
b. Development of the modern consumer and poor working conditions.
c. Continued development of energy, power, and transportation.
d. Sanitation issues
14. Marx’s ideas about life of workers
a. Marx view on History: the history of the world is the history of class conflict.
b. Bourgeoisie - city-dwellers who were owning the means of production - store owners, factory owners
c. Proletariat - people who engaged in means of production - the workers were seen as a commodity or part of the machines and the group grew larger and poorer
d. You do not have a right or a need to care for your employees or servants. Now you just care for yourself and your wealth.
15. Commercial revolution and Renaissance
a. The Renaissance triggered a Trade and Commercial Revolution in Europe by:
i. Creating a demand for new products and goods
ii. Giving wealth and power to merchants and bankers
iii. Growing Mercantilism and Capitalism
iv. Advancing modern financial instruments
v. Advancing maritime technology
16. Renaissance and ancient texts
a. During the Renaissance, the European economy grew dramatically, particularly in the area of trade. Developments such as population growth, improvements in banking, expanding trade routes, and new manufacturing systems led to an overall increase in commercial activity.
17. Beginning of English Reformation
a. Henry VIII wanted his marriage to Catherine of Aragon to be annulled.
b. Henry VIII named head of the church of England
c. Edward VI adopted/incorporated protestant ideas in the Church of England.
d. Mary, I moved the church back to Rome
e. Queen Elizabeth and the Act of Supremacy.
i. This consists of two acts passed by the Parliament of England in the 16th century that established the English monarchs as the head of the Church of England.
18. Beginning of the Protestant Reformation
a. Separates the church of England from Roman Catholic Church with Martin Luther nailing the 95 Theses on the Wittenburg door.
i. Topics like forgiveness and repentance without indulgences and without purgatory
ii. Sola Scriptura and Doctrine of original sin.
iii. Righteousness is our proper righteousness because we work with Christ who is the ultimate righteous One who makes us righteous by His blood.
iv. People learned German through Luther’s books
19. Counter Reformation
a. Council of Trent was where the Church clarifies its teachings and some reforms of the Catholic Church. This was the Catholic Church’s attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church
20. Enlightenment ideas
a. The age of reason.
b. This brought a revolution in philosophy as philosophers began to question God and God’s role in society.
c. Major concpets:
i. Empiricism - Empiricism is a philosophical current that emphasizes the role of experience and evidence in the formation of ideas and acquisition of knowledge.
ii. Skepticism - is an approach that questions the possibility of certainty in knowledge. It challenges the adequacy or reliability of certain knowledge claims by examining what principles they are based on and what they establish.
iii. Humanitarianism - an ideology centered on the value of human life, whereby humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans to reduce suffering and improve the conditions of humanity for moral, altruistic, and emotional reasons.
iv. Progress in belief - society is going to and should get better
d. New thinking of Government:
i. Republican, Accuracy, Constitutionalism.
ii. Political tensions in 17th century England.
1. English Civil war and interregnum and Restoration.
2. Glorious Revolution of 1688 – conflict over religion.
21. Locke’s Letter Concerning Toleration
a. The aim was to understand mutual duty and toleration of Christians in their different professions of religion.
i. The idea of practicing toleration.
ii. Excommunication.
iii. If something is illegal, you cannot allow it in the name of religion.
iv. Oath Making.
22. Calvin on knowledge of God
a. Our capacity to know God is tainted by our sin.
b. Calvin believed that human beings have access to the saving truths of religion only insofar as God has revealed them in Scripture. But revealed truths were not given to satisfy human curiosity but were limited to meeting the most urgent and practical needs of human existence, above all for salvation.
23. Scientific Revolution cause
a. Beginning in the 1400s European powers began to explore the New World and began to develop trade routes.
i. This was for faith, for politics, and for trade.
b. people began to make conclusions based on experimentation and observations
c. Scientific Method
i. State problem
ii. Hypothesis
iii. Collect data
iv. Test
v. Analyze data
vi. Conclusion
d. Geo-Centric Theory – The earth is at the center
24. Copernicus
a. He was an astronomer and a publisher of a book called On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
i. He used math to plot the movements of the planets.
ii. He marked the start of modern science.
iii. Keep it turned that the earth moves on an axis.
25. NATO
a. North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
26. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
a. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a document that declares the basic rights and freedoms of all human beings. It consists of 30 articles that cover civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. The UDHR affirms that human rights are universal, inherent, inalienable, and applicable to all people, no matter who they are or where they live. The UDHR aims to protect human dignity and promote a life free from want and fear
27. WWII in Pacific
28. Steam Engine
a. invented by James Watt in mid 1700s, powered by steam and coal that could pump water from mines three times as quickly as previous engines.
29. Reasons for Colonies
a. Find gold or wealth
b. Trade for furs or other products
c. Religious freedom
d. Fresh start
e. Adventure
B. Write two essay questions from 1st half of semester
1. Augustine’s Confessions
a. Our hearts are restless…
b. Adolescent Lust and Pear Theft = it wasn't because they wanted the pear it was because they wanted to break the law. Sin is enticing and attractive to us sinful humans.
c. 1 Conversion was through philosophy and 2nd was through Manichaeism
d. Death of his friend= his response was deep overwhelming grief because he was a deep friend, and he was drawn away from God VS. When his mom dies, he does not weep, even at her funeral, but later, he weeps for Monica and is drawn to God.
e. He ends his confessions by talking about Genesis 1 which shows us that we are called to live a life knowing God, so it does not stop with our conversion.
2. Trial and imprisonment of Socrates
a. Apology: Defense of Socrates
i. They’re putting him to trial because they think he is impious (failing to worship the correct/introducing new gods) and corrupting the youth (teaching others what he believes)
ii. Socrates tries to reveal the travesty of the Athenian political system that martyred free thought and great minds
iii. His defense
1. People hate him because he has a certain level of wisdom.
2. Voice in his head told him what not to do
3. That wisdom is that he knows that he does not know anything (learner)
4. He claims to not be corrupting the youth but rather just talking to them. The youth are the ones approaching him with questions.
iv. Oracle of Delphi says that he is the wisest of all men
v. Socrates then gets in a quarrel with Meletus (his main accuser). He tricks meletus into contradicting himself and shows that he is clearly wiser.
vi. Socrates then explains that he will never beg for mercy. The Jury then votes and Socrates is guilty. Meletus suggests the death penalty.
vii. “The unexamined life is not worth living”
b. Part 2
i. Socrates fights against the death speech by giving ironic speeches and discussing life as a philosopher.
ii. Crito: Private convo with Crito in Socrates’ prison cell
iii. Main theme: Proper relationship between citizenship and their city Crito wants to smuggle him out
iv. Crito says it will look bad on Socrates' friends if Socrates just dies and no one helps him escape.
v. Crito makes two arguments
1. If socrates stays then he would be aiding in the unjustness of Socrates enemies therefore being unjust himself
2. If socrates stays and dies, then he will be abandoning his children.
vi. Socrates responds
1. Do not worry about public opinion
2. Discuss a lot regarding the Law
3. Says that humans are bound to the law as Children are bound to their parent.
4. Understands that it would be unlawful for him to leave his cell (and escape with Crito)
5. Because he is bound to the law, the only way he can escape is if he got them to change the law and let him go.
6. These Laws present the citizen's duty to them in the form of a kind of social contract. By choosing to live in Athens, a citizen is implicitly endorsing the Laws, and is willing to abide by them.
7. Because it is a social concept, Socrates sees that breaking out would be worse for him in the long run (even if it means longer life) and refuses to escape with Crito.
8. Voice of the laws of Athens which tells him not to leave his cell (laws – citizens | parent – child)
3. Aquinas on Faith and reason
a. Aquinas explored the mind of man and the mind of God
b. Joining of intellect and religious belief; natural reason can demonstratively prove God’s existence
c. Summa Theologica
d. Father of Thomism (theology and philosophy)
e. Aquinas combined faith and reason by writing the summa. Rather than believing that reason contradicts faith, he knew that all reason and intellectualism points to God and our faith can be better grounded through reason.
C. Write two or three questions about second half:
1. Communist Manifesto
a. attempt to explain the goals of Communism, as well as the theory underlying it
b. It argues that class struggles, or the exploitation of one class by another, are the motivating force behind all historical developments. Classes are how we accomplish things.
c. Class relationships are defined by an era's means of production. However, eventually these relationships cease to be compatible with the developing forces of production. At this point, a revolution occurs, and a new class emerges as the ruling one.
d. For Marx there are only two main classes, the bourgeoisie, that owns the means of production and the proletariat who work for them. The proletariat includes everyone who does not own the means of production. Even high paid workers in the tech industry are considered proletariats.
e. The Manifesto argues that this development is inevitable, and that capitalism is inherently unstable. The Communists intend to promote this revolution, and will promote the parties and associations that are moving history towards its natural conclusion. They argue that the elimination of social classes cannot come about through reforms or changes in government. Rather, a revolution will be required.
f. The Communist Manifesto has four sections. In the first section, it discusses the Communists' theory of history and the relationship between proletarians and bourgeoisie. The second section explains the relationship between the Communists and the proletarians. The third section addresses the flaws in other, previous socialist literature. The final section discusses the relationship between the Communists and other parties.
2. Rerum Novarum
a. A circular letter written by Pope Leo the 13th
b. It discusses the relationships and mutual duties between labor and capital, and government and its citizens.
c. It supports the rights of labor to form unions, rejects both socialism and unrestricted capitalism, while affirming the right to private property.
d. Rerum Novarum is considered a foundational text of modern Catholic social teaching
e. The pope declared that the role of the state is to promote justice through the protection of rights, while the church must speak out on social issues to teach correct social principles and ensure class harmony, calming class conflict.
3. Letter Concerning Toleration
a. Aim: understanding mutual duty of toleration of Christians in their different professions of religion
b. Structure
i. Intro
ii. Proper work of commonwealth
iii. Proper work of church
iv. Resulting duty of toleration
c. Advocated for greater religious toleration during a period marked by dramatic and often violent religious and sectarian strife in Europe
d. Government should not encroach upon religious liberty, just as religious leaders and believers should not seek to use the power of the state to resolve spiritual disagreements
e. Proper realm of government concern is civil interests: preservation of peace, order, and people’s earthly well-being. NOT TO RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS, do not discriminate based on religious belief or make law specific to religious institutions
f. Extends to every except roman Catholics and atheists
4. Industrial Revolution
a. Great discontinuity: the change in how goods were produced changed the world, process of change from an agrarian economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing.
b. Causes
i. Scientific agriculture revolution, new technologies and improvements in energy transportation and machinery all support each other, factory system
ii. British political system can adapt to new situation
iii. More effort placed on economic development
c. Tech Changes
i. More use of iron and steel
ii. Use of new energy sources like coal, steam, electricity, petroleum, etc.
iii. Innovation of new machines like the power loom
iv. New factory system
v. Better transportation and communication
vi. Increasing application of science to industry
5. Luther and Calvin readings
- Idk what these were
6. Nationalism
a. Love for country over all
b. Single most powerful European political ideology of the 10th and 20th century
c. Composed of people who are joined by bonds of language, customs, culture, history and government
d. Nationhood
i. States would promote economic efficiency
ii. Nations are distinct creations of God
iii. Place for their states in divine order of things
iv. Poles thought they were suffering Christ among nations
v. Many ethnic groups considered nations
e. Nationalism was one of the main causes of WW1
i. Germany, France, Russia all affected by Nationalism and played a role in the extremist political movements of those countries
ii. German and Italian unification goals
iii. Each country sought to assert independence and power and created competition and tensions
iv. Also created a complex web of alliances and rivalries
f. Mazzini defines Nationality (Document)
i. Italian nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini explained his understanding and how nationalism replaced dynastic political loyalty with loyalty based on ethnicity
ii. “The essential characteristics of a nationality are common ideas, common principles and a common purpose... harmonious activity toward a single goal... it is necessary that these ideas be shown to other lands in their beauty and purity, free from any alien mixture, from any slavish fears, from any skeptical hesitancy, strong and active... and the accomplishment of the task assigned to it by God its goal.”
7. Lewis’s Abolition of Man
a. Written in response to the green book: an educational book that inadvertently teaches students that everything is about themselves and their own feelings, not about the objectivity of nature
b. Sentimentality vs objectivity
c. Three chapters
i. Men without chests
1. Living in a world of selfish sentimentality where morality and ethics are created by our own feelings creates men without chests
2. Waterfall analogy: this waterfall is objectively, by nature sublime vs this waterfall simply makes ME feel sublime
3. Truth is relative?
ii. The Way
1. The Tao
2. Objectivity goodness outside ourselves
3. Moral right and wrong knit within nature
iii. Abolition of Man
1. Man’s final conquest over nature actually destroys humanity itself
2. Science and tools for human formation should be a stepping stone to better know the good rather than conquer nature itself
8. Causes and Consequences WWI or WWII
a. WW1
i. Causes
1. Germany, austria and italy formed triple alliance
2. Great britain, france and russia formed triple entente
3. Assassination of austrian archduke Franz ferdinand and his wife by serb nationalist
ii. Consequences
1. Paris settlement
a. Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau, Orlando
b. Concerns
i. Wilson’s ideals of peace without victory
ii. Italys hopes to regain italia irredenta
iii. Nations want to hold on to colonies
iv. Bolshevism
v. Monroe Doctrine
vi. Near east
c. (Germany and Soviet Union excluded)
d. Peace
i. League of nations
ii. Colonies
iii. Germany disarmed
iv. Eastern Europe reorganized
v. Repearations
2. 8.5 million soldiers died
3. 4 imperial dynasties collapsed (Austria-hungary, Germany, Ottoman empire, Russia)
4. Mass movement of soldiers caused spanish flu
5. Map of Europe changed forever
6. Led to Bolshevik revolution in Europe
7. Growth of Nationalism
b. WW2
i. Causes
1. Hitler’s goals:
a. Racial theories and goals were at the center, intended to bring german people together
b. Hitler’s first goals were to destroy Versailles peace agreement
c. Withdrew Germany from League of Nations
2. Italy attacked Ethiopa after a 1896 humiliating defeat to bring restoration of Roman imperial glory
3. Germany invades Austria
4. Existence of czechoslovakia was an affront to Hitler since it was a check on Germany
5. 1938 Hitler speech causes Britain and France to prepare for war and then Munich conference
ii. Consequences
1. Fall of Japanese empire
2. WW2 was the most terrible war in history, 15 million deaths, 40 million altogether
3. Europe and Asia destroyed