[mtle] immunosero pt. 1

dr. edward jenner (1798)

demonstrated protection from smallpox could be generated by transfer of pustular material from cowpox lesion; able to demonstrate CROSS-IMMUNITY

cross-immunity

first demonstrated by edward jenner by transferring material from cowpox to garner immunity for smallpox; exposure to agent produces protection against another agent

louis pasteur (1885)

discovered therapeutic vaccination; first report of live "attenuated" vaccine for rabies

elie metchnikoff (1888)

demonstrated that cells could ingest foreign material -> PHAGOCYTES;

jules bordet (1894)

discovered COMPLEMENT

robert kaus (1897)

discovered PRECIPITIN

emil adolf von behring (1901)

won nobel prize for his work on serum therapy

susumu tonegawa (1987)

awarded nobel prize for his 1978 discovery of genetic principles underlying generation of antibodies with different specificities -> "ANTIBODY DIVERSITY"

1984

year when T CELL RECEPTOR GENES were discovered

karl landsteiner (1930)

studied human blood group antigens and published a book titled "specificity of serologic reactions"

gerald edelman and rodney porter (1972)

demonstrated structure of antibodies; used PAPAIN

niels jerne (1984)

demonstrated immunoregulation

francoise barre-sinoussi and luc montagnier (2008)

awarded nobel prize for their work on HIV

cut by PAPAIN

using this cut cause antibody to separate into THREE fragments

cut by PESIN

using this cut cause antibody to separate into TWO fragments (used by ALFRED NISONOFF)

variolation

practiced by CHINESE; inhalation of pulverized smallpox lesion crust

vaccinia

virus that causes cowpox

variola major

virus that causes smallpox

variola minor

virus that causes alastrim (mild smallpox)

braxton and hicks (1869)

recommended sodium phosphate

hustin (1914)

reported the use of sodium citrate as an anticoagulant solution for transfusions

dr. charles drew (1941)

appointed director of AMERICAN RED CROSS BLOOD BANK (first director)

loutit and mollison (1943)

introduced acid-citrate-dextrose

gibson (1957)

introduced citrate phsophate dextrose

mary mallon

cook who was a carrier of Salmonella typhi infected people garnering the nickname "typhoid mary"

yves lapierre (1985)

developed the gel test

humoral immune system

type of immunity that fights bacteria and viruses in body fluids with antibodies that circulate in blood plasma and lymph, fluids formerly called humors

cellular immune system

destroys host cells infected by viruses and also destroys some parasites and foreign tissues

natural (innate, inborn) immunity

type of immunity characterized as FIRST line of defense; NO memory cells formed; resist infection by NORMALLY present body functions; NON specific; NO prior exposure required

anatomical barrier

FIRST line of defense; keep microorganisms from entering body; consists of skin and mucous membranes and ciliary action (respiratory tract)

internal defense

categorized into cellular mechanism and humoral factors; promote phagocytosis leading to destruction of ofreign cells and organisms; process of inflamation brings cells and humoral factors to area in need of healing

skin and mucous membrane

part of EXTERNAL DEFENSE; has a pH of 5.6 due to presence of lactic acid coming from sweat

urine

part of EXTERNAL DEFENSE; flushing action and its acidity

vagina

part of EXTERNAL DEFENSE; has lactic acid which keeps pH at 5

respiratory tract

part of EXTERNAL DEFENSE; has ciliary action which produce sweeping action

lysozyme

part of HUMORAL FACTORS; cleaves CELL WALL of a class of bacteria (does NOT affect mycoplasma and ureaplasma which are bacteria without cell wall)

stomach acidity

part of HUMORAL FACTORS; has pH as low as 1 due to HCl produced by parietal cells

pepsin

part of HUMORAL FACTORS; digests bacterial surface proteins produced by CHIEF CELLS

lactoferrin

part of HUMORAL FACTORS; binds iron which is essential for microbial growth; produced by CHIEF CELLS

complement proteins

part of HUMORAL FACTORS; leads to destruction of extracellular bacteria

cellular factors

SECOND line of defense; phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells), cells with inflammatory mediators (basophils, mast cells, eosinophils), natural killer cells

phagocytes

part of CELLULAR FACTORS; type of cell within body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles; NEUTROPHILS, MACROPHAGE, MONOCYTES

antigen presenting cells

part of CELLULAR FACTORS; present antigenic fragments; dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells with MHC class II

dendritic cells

MOST EFFECTIVE antigen presenting cells (found in skin); capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes

langherhans

specialized antigen-presenting cells found on EPIDERMIS

interstitial cells

specialized antigen-presenting cells found in ALL major organs

interdigitating cells

specialized antigen-presenting cells found in SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS and THYMUS

macrophage

part of CELLULAR FACTORS; large white blood cell that removes bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells

microglial cells

macrophage found in BRAIN

mesangial cells

macrophage found in KIDNEYS

kupffer cells

macrophage found in LIVER

alveolar macrophage

macrophage found in LUNGS

osteoclast

macrophage found in BONES

mast cells

part of CELLULAR FACTORS; resemble basophils; found in connective tissue cells of MESENCHYMAL origin; contains acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and protease; plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions by binding IgE

eosinophils

part of CELLULAR FACTORS; increased in allergic reactions or parasitic infection; neutralize basophil and mast cell products and kill certain parasites

(1) basophil

(1) part of CELLULAR FACTORS; contains histamine, heparin, eosinophil chemotactic factor-A induce and maintain hypersensitivity reactions

(2) basophil

(2) part of CELLULAR FACTORS; IgE binds readily to basophil cell membranes and granules release constituents when they contact with antigen; granules LACK hydrolytic enzymes

histamine

found in basophils which when released will contract smooth muscle

(1) NK cells

(1) part of CELLULAR FACTORS; mediate cytolytic reactions and kill target cells without prior exposure; LACK specificity -> EARLY defenders against pathogens

(2) NK cells

(2) part of CELLULAR FACTORS; FIRST line of defense against virtually infected and tumor cells; accumulate at maternal-fetal interference -> play essential role in maintaining PREGNANCY

CD 16

CD marker of NK cells; receptor for Fc portion of IgG; NK cells attach and lyse any cells coated with antibody

CD 56

CD marker of NK cells; cytokines produced are INF-y and TNFa and amplify immune response

inhibitory signals

in NK cells, based on recognition of MHC class I (expressed on ALL healthy cells); if NK cells reacts with MHC class I cause inhibtion of natural killing occurs -> receptor for this binding is KILLER CELL Ig-like RECEPTORS

recognition of "missing self"

diseased and cancerous cells lose their ability to produce MHC cells -> NK cells triggered by lack of MHC antigens;

perforins

NK cells granules; pre-forming proteins that polymerize in presence of calcium and form channels in target cell membrane

granzymes

NK cells granules; packets of serine esterase that may enter through channels and mediate cell lysis

phagocytosis

part of HUMORAL FACTORS; physical damage to tissues either by TRAUMA or MICROBIAL MULTIPLICATION, release substances such as activated complement and products of infection to initiate phagocytosis

chemotaxis

stage in phagocytosis; cells are guided to site of injury by chemoattractant substances (C5a); NEUTROPHILS arrive first at site of injury followed by MONOCYTES

chemotaxin

chemotactic substance; chemical messenger that causes migration of cells in a particular direction

positive chemotaxis

movement toward a chemical stimulus

negative chemotaxis

movement of a cell away from a chemical stimulus

adhesion

stage of phagocytosis; receptors of INNATE immunity system recognize PATHOGEN ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS (PAMPS) through PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS (PRRs)

pathogen associated molecular patterns

molecules associated with groups of pathogen recognized by cells of innate system

toll-like receptors

pattern recognition receptors; each recognize a specific "danger" molecule and are embedded in cellular membranes

toll

protein originally discovered in fruit fly Drosophila; very similar molecules are found on human leukocytes

TLR1

type of toll-like receptor; recognizes LIPOPROTEINS found in MYCOBACTERIA

TLR2

type of toll-like receptor; binds to peptidoglycan in GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA

TLR3

type of toll-like receptor; recognizes LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE in GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA

scavenger receptor

type of toll-like receptor; binds to negatively charged molecules at the surface of microorganisms; recognize anionic receptors

ingestion (engulfment)

stage of phagocytosis; phagocytes engulf and destroy foreign matter through active membrane invagination; bacterium enclosed in phagocytic vacuole or phagosome

S. pneumoniae, H. ingluenzae, N. meningitidis

bacterias with LARGE CAPSULE which inhibits engulfment of phagocytes

diplococcus pneumoniae

inhibit phagocytosis because its capsule is HYDROPHILIC

opsonization

coating of organisms by molecules that speed up phagocytosis; coating of antigens by C3 or IgG

digestion or killing

stage of phagocytosis; granules in phagocyte which contain HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES fuse with phagosome forming PHAGOLYSOSOME

primary (azurophilic) granules

granules in phagocyte containing enzymes (lysozyme and myeloperoxidase)

secondary (specific) granules

granules in phagocyte containign LACTOFERRIN

tertiary granules

granules in phagocyte containing CASPASES

respiratory burst

oxygen-dependent mechanisms; activity of NADPH OXIDASE leads to formation of reactive oxygen species (superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen)

myeloperoxidase mediated system

oxygen-dependent mechanism; hydrogen peroxide kills bacteria in vacuole; production of HYPOCHLORITE which is toxic to bacteria

defensins

oxygen independent mechanism; degrade bacterial cell membrane

nitric oxide

oxygen independent mechanism; produce IFN-y activated macrophage

inflammation

part of HUMORAL FACTOR; result of tissue damage; facilitating phagocytosis; overall reaction of body to injury or invasion by infectious agent

rubor

REDNESS; reddish-blue discoloration of the extremities; indicative of severe peripheral arterial damage in vessels that remain dilated and unable to constrict

dolor

PAIN; result of chemicals released from damaged cells that stimulate nerve endings

calor

HEAT; increased blood flow to inflamed area

tumor

SWELLING; result of fluid accumulating outside blood vessels

functio laesa

LOSS of FUNCTION; result of combination of factors

diapedesis

passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation; movement or squeezing of white blood cells through blood vessel walls

acute phase reactants

increase rapidly due to infection, injury, or trauma causing inflammation; produced by HEPATOCYTES

cytokine storm

overproduction of cytokine caused by SARS-CoV infection causing overproduction of mucus and difficulty in breathing