M3 — 19th Century Reform Movement

1. Secularization Movement
2. Propaganda (Reform) Movement

What are the movements for reform in the 19th century?

Secularization Movement

— Initiated by secular (Filipino) priests.
— Aimed at equality between Spanish and Filipino priests.
— Conducted in the Philippines.

Propaganda (Reform) Movement

— Initiated by the ilustrados (wealthy and educated) Filipinos
— Aimed at equality between Spaniards and Filipinos.
— Conducted in Spain.

1826

When did the Secularization Movement start?

King Ferdinand VII

_________ issues a decree ordering all parishes under the care of secular priests to be turned over to regular priests as soon as they became vacant either through the death or transfer of the incumbent secular priest.

Regular Priests

— Priests belonging to a religious order such as Dominicans. Franciscans, etc.
— Also known as friars.
— Spaniards

Secular Priests

— Priests not belonging to a religious order (under the jurisdiction of the Archbishop)
— Filipinos

Padre Damaso

— Franciscan order
— Parish priest for 20 years in San Diego

Padre Salvi

— Franciscan order
— Replaced Padre Damaso

To petition the Spanish King to place all parishes in the hands of the secular priests.

Rationale: Many parishes were in the hands of friars.

What was the 1826 aim of the Secularization movement?

1. Father Mariano Gomez
2. Father Pedro Pelaez

Who were the leaders of the Secularization Movement in 1826?

Father Mariano Gomez

— Parish priest of Bacoor, Cavite

Father Pedro Pelaez

— Assistant to the Archbishop of Manila

To petition the Spanish King to appoint Filipino priests as parish priests.

What was the 1864 aim of the Secularization movement?

Father Jose Burgos

Who was the leader of the Secularization Movement in 1864?

Father Jose Burgos

— Son of a Spanish father and a Filipino mother.
— Studied Theology at the University of Santo Tomas

- Used arguments from Spanish civil law and canon law to prove the right of Filipino priests to become parish priests.
--> Defended the right of Filipino priests to become parish priests.

- Condemned Spanish discrimination in not allowing Filipino secular priests to become parish priests.
--> Promoted equality between Spanish and Filipino priests

- Raised the Secularization Movement into a "Filipinization Movement."

- Raised the Secularization Movement into a "Political Movement"

What was the significance of Father Jose Burgos in the 1864 Secularization Movement?

(1) Made the Spanish colonial government suspect Filipino secular priests of paving the way for a revolution.

(2) Made the Spanish colonial government look for a way to crush the Secularization Movement.

What was the impact of the Secularization Movement?

Cavite Mutiny

— Start: January 20, 1872
— Place: Cavite Arsenal (shipyard where Spanish ships were built and repaired)
— Uprising that became connected with the Secularization Movement.

Cavite Arsenal

— Location: At the tip of the Cavite Peninsula
— Defended by a fort (Fort San Felipe)
— Employed Filipino workers.
— Allowed Filipino workers to live outside the facility.
— Excused the Filipino workers from paying tribute because they worked for the government.

Cancelation by the government of the tax exemption privilege of the workers.

What caused the 1872 Cavite Mutiny?

1. Father Mariano Gomez
2. Father Jose Burgos
3. Father Jacinto Zamora

Who were the secular priests imprisoned in Fort Santiago?

February 15, 1872

What is the date?

Military court CHARGED the three priests with the crime of "conspiracy against the national integrity and constitution of the state" and found them guilty for which the punishment was death.

February 17, 1872

What is the date?

Military court ordered Frs. Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Gamora (GomBurZa) executed.

Garrote

How was GomBurZa executed?

Bagumbayan

Where was GomBurZa executed?

Used by the Government and the Church as an excuse to crush the Secularization Movement.

Why was GomBurZa executed?

Exiled to the Marianas (Guam)

What happened to the other secular priests?

El Filibusterismo

What novel of Rizal is dedicated to GomBurZa?

Left with no leaders to pursue its demands for equality.
1. Execution of GomBurZa
2. Exile of other Filipino secular priests to Marianas

What were the failures of the Secularization Movement?

Encouraged the intellectual class to continue the struggle for equality through political reform

What were the successes of the Secularization Movement?

1. Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain.
2. Representation of the Philippines in the Cortes (Spanish Parliament).
3. Guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and association.
4. Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter government service.

What were the political reforms of the Propaganda (Reform) Movement?

Political writings such as articles, essays, poems, novels to be published in books and magazines.

How was the Propaganda (Reform) Movement executed?

Ilustrados (wealthy and educated) Filipino students

Who were the proponents of the Reform Movement?

Spain

Where was the venue of the Reform Movement?

1. Made Filipinos aware of liberal rights.
2. Raised among Filipinos a clamor for political rights.

What was the importance of the Reform Movement?

Ilustrados/Reformists

Went to Spain to study but also dedicated their time and effort to political work.

Pedro Paterno

— Born: February 27, 1857 (Manila)
— Went to Spain to study law
— Political Works: Sampaguitas

Sampaguitas

— A small book of poems about the Sampaguita flower.
— First attempt to project a Filipino national personality.
— First attempt to present to the Spanish public the work of a Filipino.

Gregorio Sancianco

— Born: March 7, 1852 (Malabon)
— Went to Spain to study law.
— Political Works: El Progreso de Filipinas

El Progreso de Filipinas

— Proposed reforms to stimulate progress in the Philippines.

1. Construction of roads, bridges, railroads, and public works to promote agriculture.
2. Increase in the number of schools.
3. Radical change in the taxation system (taxation based on the ability to pay).

What are the specific reforms in El Progreso de Filipinas?

Graciano Lopez Jaena

— Born: December 18, 1856 (Jari, Iloilo)
— Went to Spain to study medicine.
— Political Works: Fray Botod, La Logica en Filipinas (Both in PH), Speeches (Spain)

Fray Botod

— Satire on the abuses of Spanish friars.
— Chubby friar.

La Logica en Filipinas

— Presented a full-scale indictment of the Spanish Regime in the Philippines.
1. Lack of modern codes of laws.
2. Constant changing of functionaries and even of the Governor-General before you would get to know the country.
3. Incompetence of provincial governors, particularly their inability to understand the language of their provinces.
4. Widespread dishonesty
5. Lack of communications
6. Impractical nature of education
7. Censorship of the press

Marcelo del Pilar

— August 30, 1850, Bulacan (Bulacan)
— Went to Spain to avoid being arrested because of his anti-friar activities in Manila and Bulacan.
— Political Work: Aba Guinoong Barya (PH), Amain Namin (PH), La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas (Spain), La frailocracia FIlipina (Spain)

Aba Guinoong Barya

Parody of Hail Mary.

Amain Namin

Parody of Our Father

La soberania monacal en Filipinas

— Monastic supremacy in the Philippines
— Reveals the overwhelming power and influence of the religious orders in the country not only in church affairs but also in government and in the education system.

La frailocracia Filipina

— Frailocracy in the Philippines.
— Says that the "real" government in the Philippines is a Frailocracy.

Frailocracy

Government run by friars.

Mariano Ponce

— Born: March 22, 1863 (Baliwag Bulacan)
— Political Work: Cartas de Filipinas

Cartas de Filipinas

— Series of articles that were published in the newspaper "La Publicidad" in Barcelona (Spain).

Jose Ma. Panganiban

— Born: February 1, 1863 (Mambulao, Camarines Norte)
— Went to Spain in 1988 to continue his medical studies.

1. Separated from their families, relatives, and friends.
2. Encountered intense loneliness.
3. Suffered illnesses
4. Endured poverty
5. Died in Spain

What were the difficulties that reformists faced in Spain?

Marcelo del Pilar

Who among the reformists were separated from their families, relatives, and friends?

Graciano Lopez-Jaena

Who among the reformists encountered intense loneliness?

Marcelo del Pilar, Jose Ma. Panganiban

Who among the reformists suffered illnesses?

Marcelo del Pilar

Who among the reformists endured poverty?

Jose Ma. Panganiban, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Marcelo del Pilar

Who among the reformists died in Spain?

1. Filipino representation in Spanish Cortes
2. Equality between Spaniards and Filipinos
3. Making the Philippines a province of Spain.
4. Grant of Political Rights to Filipinos

What did Jose Rizal advocated for during the Reform Movement?

Viva Madrid Restaurante

Where Rizal, Del Pilar, Jaena, and other Filipinos used to take light meals with wine.

Unable to convince the Spanish Government to carry our reforms in the Philippines.

What was the failure of the Propaganda (Reform) Movement?

The creators of a Filipino consciousness, the makers of the Revolution.

What was the success of the Propaganda (Reform) Movement?