NBE3U Semester Review

Beautiful Maiden

Indigenous women are highly sexualized; usually leave their culture, fall in love with a white man, and/or help to colonize their people.

Blood-Thirsty Warrior

Indigenous men are all aggressive and prone to violence.

Stoic Indian

Indigenous people (especially men) do not show any emotion. They say very little and may use "Tonto speak".

Plains Indian

All Indigenous peoples live on the plains, ride horses, wear feathers and buckskins, etc.

In the Wild/On the Rez

Indigenous people do not live in cities or have an understanding of technology. All Indigenous people are closely connected to nature.

Magical Medicine Man

Older Indigenous men have strong spiritual connections to the natural world. They mostly exist in stories to provide wise advice or solve the problems of white main characters.

The Sidekick

Indigenous people exist in stories as an accessory to the journey of the white main character. These characters are not fully fleshed out people with stories in their own right.

Drunken Indian

All Indigenous people are alcoholics because they are prone to addiction.

Catharsis

The purging/release of negative emotions. In genres like horror, authors deliberately build up these negative feelings for the purpose of providing relief through release.

Psychological Horror

Defined by a focus on abnormal human psychology. Does not necessarily involve supernatural elements; usually centers around a fear of others or of ourselves. e.g. Silence of the Lambs, The Wildest Game

Horror of the Fantastic

Defined by a focus on supernatural or otherwise inexplicable dangers. May be linked to a fear of the unknown. e.g. Alien, The Haunted Blizzard, Utiqtuq

Moral Allegory Horror

Defined by a clear division of good and evil. There are rules and characters who break those rules are harshly punished. Intended to teach a moral lesson. e.g. The Exorcist, Edge of the Knife

Magical Realism

Realistic/mundane elements alongside explicitly fantastical elements. The contrast between the two "makes the real strange" by breaking verisimilitude.

Dystopia

An imaginary place where people lead dehumanized and often fearful lives.

Dystopian Concepts

Totalitarian dictatorship, glorification and justification of violence, technology > humanity, negative social trends taken to nightmarish extremes.

Utopia

A perfect society that does not and cannot exist.

Utopian Concepts

Beautiful society, pacifistic attitude, very few laws required, money is not necessary, people only do the work that they enjoy and that benefits the common good.

Satire

The use of humour, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.

Horation Satire

Gentle, urbane, smiling; it aims to correct through gentle and sympathetic laughter.

Juvenalian Satire

Biting, bitter, angry; it points with contempt and moral indignation to the corruption and evil of human beings and institutions.

Formal Satire

The satiric voice speaks, usually in the first person, either directly to the reader or to a character in the satire

Indirect Satire

The satire is expressed through a narrative, and the characters or groups who are the focus of the satire are ridiculed not by what is said about them, but by what they themselves say and do.

Rhetoric

The art of using language effectively and persuasively.

Three rhetorical appeals.

Pathos, ethos, and logos.

Pathos

Appeal to emotion.

Ethos

Appeal to ethics or credibility.

Logos

Appeal to logical reasoning.

A frequent allegory for colonization in Sci-Fi narratives.

Alien invasions and space exploration.

Paternalism

The policy or practice on the part of people in positions of authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to them in the subordinates' supposed best interest.

Indigenous Futurism

A movement that explores the future through Indigenous perspectives, often using science fiction and related genres. It's a way to imagine and create better futures for Indigenous communities, while also healing from the past. Inspired by the Afro-Futurist movement.

Speculative Fiction

Stories that contain elements that do not exist in the real world (yet). Answer the question "what if?" Includes fantasy, sci-fi, supernatural horror, alternate histories, etc.

Single Story

Making one story the only story about a group of people. Usually arises when there are few accessible stories about a marginalized group and those stories are told from an outside perspective; the resulting narratives are usually derivative, reductive, and stereotypical. Usually exists in contrast to a multiplicity of stories about the dominant cultural group.

The problem with stereotypes according to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie.

Not necessarily that they are untrue but that they are incomplete.

The ship on which Olivia lives in "Story for a Bottle."

New America

The reason Olivia claims she is kidnapping Mona Lisa.

To save her/help her survive the apocalypse.

How Mona Lisa realizes there must be someone else on New America.

She counts the tomatoes.

The reason Mona Lisa doesn't worry about her sister's interest in starting fires.

CC always remembers to extinguish the fire because of

her grandfather's warning; it has been years and she has never once forgotten. Mona Lisa has learned to trust her sister to act

responsibly. In her current situation, fires have become a symbol of hope.

How Mona Lisa's experiences disprove Olivia's assumptions about what is necessary for survival.

"There was no apocalypse"; Mona Lisa is thriving and living a fulfilled life with her family, she's well-adjusted and happy, she has learned important lessons from her grandfather, her life doesn't require the brutality the Olivia tries to force upon her.

The subject of Em and Thorah's arguments in "History of the New World."

Whether or not to be part of the settlement on New Earth - Em did not want to go, but Thorah did.

The reason Em found the mermaids' message so troubling.

"Your circle is not round"; Em saw humanity as repeating their history of colonizing other cultures.

The reason Aseciwan is so upset with Em.

Because she felt forced to choose between her parents; Em had already made up their mind not to go but wouldn't explicitly act on it until forced.

Members of the Iron Confederacy.

Metis, Plains Cree, Anishinaabe (both Ojibwe and Saulteaux), Assiniboine (both Stoney and Nakota). [Haudenosaunee as well, later on.]

Primary reasons for the Iron Confederacy's power.

Controlled trade between Europeans and other Indigenous groups, good initial relationship with the Blackfoot (mutual enemy in the Gros Ventres), early treaty agreements with European traders, rapid population growth as the Cree moved into the plains, constant warfare suppressed the Dene and Chipewyan, controlled expansive territory (Rockies-Great Lakes, both sides of the Medicine Line), controlled the pemmican trade, early adoption of horses and role in the horse trade, ambitious expansion.

Primary reasons for the Iron Confederacy's decline.

Disease, decline in animal populations, the Year Without Summer, famine in Red River, near-extinction of the buffalo, breakdown in relationship between the Metis and their First Nations allies, Woleseley Expedition.

How Canada suppressed Indigenous resistance in the west during and after the North-West Resistance.

Used railways to move and supply militia, defeated the Metis at Batoche, executed Louis Riel, jailed Poundmaker and Big Bear for treason, forced remaining Indigenous leadership to accept less favourable agreements.

Three major changes that "Buffalo Bird"'s alternate timeline makes to Canadian history.

The church is driven out of Lac St. Anne (Metis never convert to farming as a primary way of life), Buffalo are never driven to near extinction, The Iron Confederacy never collapses, Louis Riel is never banished from Canada or executed for treason, the Metis retain a close relationship with their First Nations allies, Wolseley is confronted and killed before his men can settle Manitoba, Gabriel Dumont (who advocates for more direct military tactics) takes over primary leadership of the Metis, the Iron Confederacy sends a delegation to Ottawa shortly after the successful Red River Resistance (North-West Resistance therefore never happens), John A. McDonald is assassinated, Poundmaker and Big Bear never go to prison, and Ottawa is unable to colonize the west or build railroads (never establish recognized Manitoba government; likely lose BC; Saskatchewan and Alberta likely never established as provinces).

Reasons that Angelique is an outsider within Lac Ste. Anne.

Gender non- conforming, unmarried, rougarou, hated by the church.

What Angelique becomes at the end of the story.

A buffalo bird.

Differences between Gabriel Dumont and Louis Riel as Metis leaders.

Louis Riel is devoutly Catholic (believes he is chosen by God), traditionally schooled in St. Boniface, fluent in French and English, primarily a politician/diplomat, prefers to avoid violence, fled from the Wolseley Expedition, and is willing to agree to compromises. Gabriel Dumont mix of Roman Catholicism and Plains Indigenous spirituality, raised in a buffalo hunting family in Red River, spoke seven languages (including six Indigenous dialects), hunt chief and warrior, prefers action over politics (advocated for early military interventions and guerilla warfare), rushed to confront Wolseley, pushed to maintain Metis independence during Riel's exile.

The reason the AI wants to learn more about Indigenous people in "I Am...Am I."

It is troubled by the idea that it does not have a soul; it becomes interested in Indigenous cultures after learning that they might perceive it to be alive.

The reason King struggles to understand the AI's perspective at the end of the story.

The AI is not Indigenous and was not around for that part of history; he doesn't understand why it cares.

The reason King expresses concern about the AI once it starts questioning its own existence.

He thinks that it is neurotic.

How Gayle responds when the AI questions her about the genocide of Indigenous peoples.

Expresses that she thinks it's "more complicated than that." She is surprised that the AI is so upset. Upon returning home, she decompresses and decides not to worry about the issue until the next day.

The reason Tracey is so set on recovering The Calling Song.

Believes it's important cultural history and that she and everyone else has a responsibility to care about it.

The reasons Tracey's colleagues give for initially being more reluctant about the song.

Concerns about authenticity, lack of knowledge about it, concerns about lack of interest in it.

What The Calling Song does.

Signals to aliens that humans have the technology for interstellar communication, signals that they should destroy Earth.

What Willie Whitefish assumes will happen once the aliens make contact.

Everyone's going to die; he's a residential school survivor and basing his predictions on colonization in human history & the excitement of people who seem to have forgotten that history.

The reason the vaccine doesn't work on Greg in "Utiqtuq."

Cold temperatures cause it to separate.

The reason the bear is so desperate to get to Laila in "Sila."

It's starving as a result of the impacts of climate change.

The reasons JB says he moves to Yellowknife in "The Wildest Game."

Further away from major police presence, strong hunting culture, cold temperatures, generally fit people.

How JB attempts to justify his cannibalism.

Food chain & he only kills men.

Reasons there are so many traditional Inuit stories about cannibalism.

Food scarcity, propaganda, misunderstandings spread through generations.

Why Talli doesn't feel connected to her Inuit heritage in "Lounge."

Only learned about it secondhand from someone who she doesn't feel was authentically connected to the culture himself (i.e. Uncle Charlie).

The reason the others become threatening towards Talli in the environment of the Lounge.

Talli gets vocally angry after being subject to racist abuse.

The reason why Talli invites the others into the Lounge.

She wants to better connect to them.

What Uncle Charlie compares to things that are "politically neutral."

Bannock without jam.

The person who warns Inu about "bad things" in the blizzard.

Her friend's grandmother.

According to Inu, the reason her mom doesn't believe her in "The Haunted Blizzard."

Grown ups stop taking stories seriously as they get older.

The reason why traditional stories about monsters (e.g. Mahaha, Qalupalik, Amouti) are told to Inuit children.

To keep them from doing dangerous things. Children might not understand the real reasons why they are not allowed to do something.

Some of the reasons that food scarcity has become worse in Inuit communities today.

Changing regulations, climate change, loss of hunting culture, destruction of habitat (country food), skyrocketing food costs (food being imported), low food quality/nutritional value, lack of options/difficulty traveling.

Doctrine of Discovery

A legal and religious principle that gave European nations the right to claim and colonize lands outside of Europe. Originated in the 1400s and founded in principles set within a series of papal bulls. Remains the basis of legislation and land rights today.

Terra Nullius

"Nobody's land" or "land belonging to no one." Doctrine that deems that even if land is occupied, it is not owned by anyone unless it belongs to Euro-Christian recognized state. Deemed to have never applied to Canada but remains foundational to legislation and land rights today.

Manifest Destiny

A term coined by John L. O'Sullivan in 1845 to express the idea that Euro-Americans were fated by God to settle the North American continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. While sometimes used satirically afterwards, the term has become intrinsically linked to the attitudes, ideologies, and justifications behind American expansionism and imperialism.