Week 1: Basic Kinesiology and its Mechanical Principles

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Anatomic Position

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Health

90 Terms

1

Anatomic Position

a reference posture of the human body, in which the anterior view of the human body is shown standing with legs slightly apart, feet forward, palms facing forward.

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2

Kinetics

concentrates on the forces that produce or resist the movement.

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3

Kinematics

deals with types of motion or movement without regard for the forces that produce the motion.

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4

Osteokinematics

concerns the movements of the bony partners or segments that make up a joint.

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5

Arthrokinematics

focuses specifically on the minute movements occurring within the joint and between the joint surfaces.

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6

Cardinal Planes

planes of motion

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7

X or Medial-Lateral Axis

an axis that runs side to side and is located in the frontal plane.

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8

Y or Vertical Axis

an axis that runs up and down or superior-inferior and is in a transverse plane.

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9

Z or Anterior-Posterior Axis

an axis that runs from front to back and is in the sagittal plane.

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10

Frontal Plane

  • coronal plane (XY plane)

  • divides the body into front and back

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Abduction and Adduction Ulnar and Radial Deviation Lateral Flexion (Neck and Trunk)

motions that occur within the frontal plane.

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12

Sagittal Plane

divides the body into left and right.

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13

Flexion and Extension

motions that occur within the sagittal plane.

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14

Transverse Plane

  • horizontal plane (XZ plane)

  • divides the body into upper and lower parts

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15

Medial and Lateral Rotation Pronation and Supination Eversion and Inversion

motions that occur within the transverse plane.

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16

Flexion

  • is a bending movement so that one bone segment moves toward the other

  • decrease the angle of the joint

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17

Extension

  • is the movement of one bone segment away from the other bone

  • increase in the angle of the joint

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18

Hyperextension

extension goes beyond the anatomic reference position.

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19

Dorsiflexion

occurs as the dorsum of the foot moves toward the anterior surface of the tibia.

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20

Plantarflexion

extension movement in which the foot's dorsum moves away from the tibia.

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21

Abduction

motion of a segment away from the midline.

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22

Adduction

motion of a segment toward the midline.

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23

Ulnar Deviation

sideways motion moving the little finger toward the ulna.

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24

Radial Deviation

sideways motion moving the thumb toward the radius.

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25

Lateral Flexion

side-ways movement of the neck or trunk.

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26

Medial Rotation

is a turning toward the midline or inward.

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27

Lateral Rotation

is a turning toward the side or away from the midline.

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28

Pronation

the rotation into a palm-down position of the forearm.

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29

Supination

the rotation into a palm-up position of the forearm.

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30

Inversion

sole of the foot points medially.

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31

Eversion

sole of the foot points laterally

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32

Translatory

  • linear motion

  • the motion occurs along or parallel to an axis

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Rectilinear

movement is in a straight line.

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Curvilinear

is another subset of linear motion in which the object travels in a curved path.

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35

Rotary

  • angular motion

  • occurs in a circle around an axis

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36

Axis of Rotation

pivot point for angular or rotary motion.

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37

Single Motion

movement performed only once.

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38

Repeated Motion

same movement pattern that is done many times in a given time.

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39

Oscillation

repeated motions in a small amplitude.

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40

Pendulum Motion

repeated motions like a pendulum.

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41

Goniometry

is a valuable clinical measurement used to define the quantity of joint motion, either actively or passively.

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42

SOAP

subjective, objective, assessment, and plan.

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43

End Feel

resistance felt at the end of the ROM

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44

Hard

  • is felt when motion is stopped by contact of bone on bone

  • extend

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45

Firm

  • resistance encountered from the capsular, or ligamentous, structures

  • tissue stretch

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46

Soft

when soft tissues approximate each other.

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47

ROM Test

used to know the flexibility/mobility of joints to give stability.

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48

Pathologic End Feel

occur either at a different place in the range of motion than expected or have an end feel that is not characteristic of the joint.

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49

Empty End Feel

is a pathologic type denoting pain on motion but absence of resistance.

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50

Open Kinematic Chain

  • the distal end of the chain is free to move, and one joint can move independently of others in the chain

  • distal segment is moving

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51

Closed Kinematic Chain

  • both the proximal and the distal ends of the chain remained fixed

  • proximal segment is moving

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52

Synarthrodial Joints

  • these joints are bound by fibrous connective tissue

  • material used is interosseous connective tissue

  • connective tissue directly unites one bone to another creating a bone-solid connective tissue-bone interface (fibrous or cartilaginous)

  • immovable

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53

Amphiarthrodial Joints

  • hallmarked by a cartilaginous structure with combinations of both fibrous and hyaline cartilage

  • slightly movable

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54

Diarthrodial Joints

  • movable

  • also called synovial joints

  • have a joint capsule

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55

Fibrous Joint

  • directly unites bone to bone

  • e.g. sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses

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Cartilaginous Joints

  • materials used to connect the bony components are fibrocartilage and/or hyaline cartilage

  • creating a bone-cartilage-bone interface

  • e.g. symphyses and synchondroses

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57

Sutures

united by a collagenous sutural ligament or membrane.

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58

Tower Skull

  • premature closure of lambdoid and coronal suture thus head grows in vertical direction.

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Scaphocephaly

premature closure of sagittal suture thus head grows antero-posteriorly

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Brachycephaly

premature closure of the coronal suture, resulting to widening of the head.

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Gomphoses

  • bony components are adapted to each other like a peg in a hole

  • component parts are connected by fibrous tissue

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Syndesmoses

bony components are joined directly by an interosseous ligament, a fibrous cord, or an aponeurotic membrane.

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Symphysis

  • secondary cartilaginous joint

  • bony components are covered with a thin lamina of hyaline cartilage and directly joined by fibrocartilage in the form of disks or pads

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Synchondrosis

  • primary cartilaginous joint

  • material used for connecting the two components is hyaline cartilage

  • forms a bond between two ossifying centers of bone

  • permits bone growth while also providing stability and allowing a small amount of mobility

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Stratum Fibrosum and Stratrum Synovium

two layers of the joint capsule

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66

Stratum Fibrosum

  • fibrous capsule

  • composed of dense fibrous tissue

  • dry weight - 90% collagen and elastin

  • wet weight - 70% water

  • predominant collagen is type 1

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67

Stratum Synovium

  • lining of the capsule

  • two layers: intima and subsynovial tissue

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68

Intima

  • composed of synviocytes (specialized fibroblasts)

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Subsynovial Tissue

  • highly vascularized

  • its cells produce matrix collagen

  • provides support for the intima and merges with the fibrous capsule

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70

Synovial Fluid

  • keep the joint surfaces lubricated

  • reduces friction

  • provide nutrition for hyaline cartilage

  • composition: similar to blood plasma

  • clear, pale yellow color

  • has the ability to resist loads that produce shear

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71

Hyaluronate

reduces friction between synovial folds and articular surfaces.

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72

Lubricin

responsible for cartilage-on-cartilage lubrication.

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73

Thixotropic

viscosity of the the fluid varies inversely with the joint velocity or rate of shear

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74

Degrees of Freedom

number of planes within which a joint moves.

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75

Uniaxial Joint

  • visible motion of the bony components is allowed in one plane around a single axis

  • having one degree of freedom of motion

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76

Hinge and Pivot

examples of uniaxial joints

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77

Biaxial Joint

  • bony components are free to move in two planes around two axes

  • have two degrees of freedom

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78

Condyloid, Ellipsoidal, and Saddle

examples of biaxial joints

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79

Flexor Pollicis Longus and Flexor Digitorum Profundus

muscles used in doing the OK sign.

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80

Triaxial Joint

  • bony components are free to move in three planes around three axes

  • having three degrees of freedom

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81

Plane and Ball and Socket

examples of triaxial joints.

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82

Anatomic or Physiologic ROM

referring to the amount of motion available to a joint within the anatomic limits of the joint structure.

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83

End Feel

the sensation experienced by the examiner performing passive physiologic movements at each joint.

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84

Roll

  • refers to the rolling of one joint surface on another.

  • there is a new point of contact on both the stationary and moving articulating surface

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85

Sliding

  • refers to the a pure translatory motion

  • gliding of one component to the other

  • there is a new point of contact on the stationary surface

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86

Spin

  • pure rotary motion

  • no change

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87

Closed Packed Position

  • joint is stable, that it doesn't permit movement or permits very limited movement only

  • the position that both of the articular surfaces are in the maximum congruency status for a joint, resulting in the greatest mechanical stability for that joint

  • most ligaments and capsules surrounding the joint are taut

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88

Open Packed Position

  • permits movement

  • the ligamentous and capsular structures are slack, and the joint surfaces may be distracted several millimeters

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89

Concave-Convex Rule

  • the concave articular surface moves in the same direction as the moving bone

  • gliding occurs in the same direction as the physiological movement

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90

Convex-Concave Rule

  • the convex articular surface moves in the opposite direction of the moving bone

  • gliding occurs in the opposite to the physiological movement

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