Week 1: Basic Kinesiology and its Mechanical Principles

Anatomic Position

a reference posture of the human body, in which the anterior view of the human body is shown standing with legs slightly apart, feet forward, palms facing forward.

Kinetics

concentrates on the forces that produce or resist the movement.

Kinematics

deals with types of motion or movement without regard for the forces that produce the motion.

Osteokinematics

concerns the movements of the bony partners or segments that make up a joint.

Arthrokinematics

focuses specifically on the minute movements occurring within the joint and between the joint surfaces.

Cardinal Planes

planes of motion

X or Medial-Lateral Axis

an axis that runs side to side and is located in the frontal plane.

Y or Vertical Axis

an axis that runs up and down or superior-inferior and is in a transverse plane.

Z or Anterior-Posterior Axis

an axis that runs from front to back and is in the sagittal plane.

Frontal Plane

• coronal plane (XY plane)

• divides the body into front and back

Abduction and Adduction
Ulnar and Radial Deviation
Lateral Flexion (Neck and Trunk)

motions that occur within the frontal plane.

Sagittal Plane

divides the body into left and right.

Flexion and Extension

motions that occur within the sagittal plane.

Transverse Plane

• horizontal plane (XZ plane)

• divides the body into upper and lower parts

Medial and Lateral Rotation
Pronation and Supination
Eversion and Inversion

motions that occur within the transverse plane.

Flexion

• is a bending movement so that one bone segment moves toward the other

• decrease the angle of the joint

Extension

• is the movement of one bone segment away from the other bone

• increase in the angle of the joint

Hyperextension

extension goes beyond the anatomic reference position.

Dorsiflexion

occurs as the dorsum of the foot moves toward the anterior surface of the tibia.

Plantarflexion

extension movement in which the foot's dorsum moves away from the tibia.

Abduction

motion of a segment away from the midline.

Adduction

motion of a segment toward the midline.

Ulnar Deviation

sideways motion moving the little finger toward the ulna.

Radial Deviation

sideways motion moving the thumb toward the radius.

Lateral Flexion

side-ways movement of the neck or trunk.

Medial Rotation

is a turning toward the midline or inward.

Lateral Rotation

is a turning toward the side or away from the midline.

Pronation

the rotation into a palm-down position of the forearm.

Supination

the rotation into a palm-up position of the forearm.

Inversion

sole of the foot points medially.

Eversion

sole of the foot points laterally

Translatory

• linear motion

• the motion occurs along or parallel to an axis

Rectilinear

movement is in a straight line.

Curvilinear

is another subset of linear motion in which the object travels in a curved path.

Rotary

• angular motion

• occurs in a circle around an axis

Axis of Rotation

pivot point for angular or rotary motion.

Single Motion

movement performed only once.

Repeated Motion

same movement pattern that is done many times in a given time.

Oscillation

repeated motions in a small amplitude.

Pendulum Motion

repeated motions like a pendulum.

Goniometry

is a valuable clinical measurement used to define the quantity of joint motion, either actively or passively.

SOAP

subjective, objective, assessment, and plan.

End Feel

resistance felt at the end of the ROM

Hard

• is felt when motion is stopped by contact of bone on bone

• extend

Firm

• resistance encountered from the capsular, or ligamentous, structures

• tissue stretch

Soft

when soft tissues approximate each other.

ROM Test

used to know the flexibility/mobility of joints to give stability.

Pathologic End Feel

occur either at a different place in the range of motion than expected or have an end feel that is not characteristic of the joint.

Empty End Feel

is a pathologic type denoting pain on motion but absence of resistance.

Open Kinematic Chain

• the distal end of the chain is free to move, and one joint can move independently of others in the chain

• distal segment is moving

Closed Kinematic Chain

• both the proximal and the distal ends of the chain remained fixed

• proximal segment is moving

Synarthrodial Joints

• these joints are bound by fibrous connective tissue

• material used is interosseous connective tissue

• connective tissue directly unites one bone to another creating a bone-solid connective tissue-bone interface (fibrous or cartilaginous)

• immovable

Amphiarthrodial Joints

• hallmarked by a cartilaginous structure with combinations of both fibrous and hyaline cartilage

• slightly movable

Diarthrodial Joints

• movable

• also called synovial joints

• have a joint capsule

Fibrous Joint

• directly unites bone to bone

• e.g. sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses

Cartilaginous Joints

• materials used to connect the bony components are fibrocartilage and/or hyaline cartilage

• creating a bone-cartilage-bone interface

• e.g. symphyses and synchondroses

Sutures

united by a collagenous sutural ligament or membrane.

Tower Skull

- premature closure of lambdoid and coronal suture thus head grows in vertical direction.

Scaphocephaly

premature closure of sagittal suture thus head grows antero-posteriorly

Brachycephaly

premature closure of the coronal suture, resulting to widening of the head.

Gomphoses

• bony components are adapted to each other like a peg in a hole

• component parts are connected by fibrous tissue

Syndesmoses

bony components are joined directly by an interosseous ligament, a fibrous cord, or an aponeurotic membrane.

Symphysis

• secondary cartilaginous joint

• bony components are covered with a thin lamina of hyaline cartilage and directly joined by fibrocartilage in the form of disks or pads

Synchondrosis

• primary cartilaginous joint

• material used for connecting the two components is hyaline cartilage

• forms a bond between two ossifying centers of bone

• permits bone growth while also providing stability and allowing a small amount of mobility

Stratum Fibrosum and Stratrum Synovium

two layers of the joint capsule

Stratum Fibrosum

• fibrous capsule

• composed of dense fibrous tissue

• dry weight - 90% collagen and elastin

• wet weight - 70% water

• predominant collagen is type 1

Stratum Synovium

• lining of the capsule

• two layers: intima and subsynovial tissue

Intima

- composed of synviocytes (specialized fibroblasts)

Subsynovial Tissue

• highly vascularized

• its cells produce matrix collagen

• provides support for the intima and merges with the fibrous capsule

Synovial Fluid

• keep the joint surfaces lubricated

• reduces friction

• provide nutrition for hyaline cartilage

• composition: similar to blood plasma

• clear, pale yellow color

• has the ability to resist loads that produce shear

Hyaluronate

reduces friction between synovial folds and articular surfaces.

Lubricin

responsible for cartilage-on-cartilage lubrication.

Thixotropic

viscosity of the the fluid varies inversely with the joint velocity or rate of shear

Degrees of Freedom

number of planes within which a joint moves.

Uniaxial Joint

• visible motion of the bony components is allowed in one plane around a single axis

• having one degree of freedom of motion

Hinge and Pivot

examples of uniaxial joints

Biaxial Joint

• bony components are free to move in two planes around two axes

• have two degrees of freedom

Condyloid, Ellipsoidal, and Saddle

examples of biaxial joints

Flexor Pollicis Longus and Flexor Digitorum Profundus

muscles used in doing the OK sign.

Triaxial Joint

• bony components are free to move in three planes around three axes

• having three degrees of freedom

Plane and Ball and Socket

examples of triaxial joints.

Anatomic or Physiologic ROM

referring to the amount of motion available to a joint within the anatomic limits of the joint structure.

End Feel

the sensation experienced by the examiner performing passive physiologic movements at each joint.

Roll

• refers to the rolling of one joint surface on another.

• there is a new point of contact on both the stationary and moving articulating surface

Sliding

• refers to the a pure translatory motion

• gliding of one component to the other

• there is a new point of contact on the stationary surface

Spin

• pure rotary motion

• no change

Closed Packed Position

• joint is stable, that it doesn't permit movement or permits very limited movement only

• the position that both of the articular surfaces are in the maximum congruency status for a joint, resulting in the greatest mechanical stability for that joint

• most ligaments and capsules surrounding the joint are taut

Open Packed Position

• permits movement

• the ligamentous and capsular structures are slack, and the joint surfaces may be distracted several millimeters

Concave-Convex Rule

• the concave articular surface moves in the same direction as the moving bone

• gliding occurs in the same direction as the physiological movement

Convex-Concave Rule

• the convex articular surface moves in the opposite direction of the moving bone

• gliding occurs in the opposite to the physiological movement