AP Psychology Unit 7 and 11 Vocab

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114 Terms

1

Memory is the persistence of learning over time through __________, __________, and __________ of information.

encoding, storage, retrieval

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2

The process of getting information into the memory system is called __________.

encoding

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3

__________ is the retention of encoded information over time.

Storage

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4

The process of getting information out of memory storage is known as __________.

Retrieval

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5

The ability to process multiple aspects of a problem simultaneously is called __________ processing.

Parallel

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6

__________ memory is the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information.

Sensory

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7

Memory that holds a few items briefly is known as __________ memory.

Short-Term

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8

__________ memory refers to relatively permanent and limitless storage of information.

Long-Term

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9

A newer understanding of short-term memory is called __________ memory, focusing on conscious processing.

Working

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10

__________ memory is the memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.

Explicit

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11

__________ processing requires attention and conscious effort for encoding.

Effortful

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12

__________ processing refers to unconscious encoding of incidental information.

Automatic

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13

__________ memory involves retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations without conscious awareness.

Implicit

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14

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, lasting only a fraction of a second, is known as __________ memory.

Iconic

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15

__________ memory is a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli lasting about 3-4 seconds.

Echoic

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16

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units is called __________.

Chunking

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17

__________ are memory aids, especially those that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Mnemonics

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18

The __________ effect refers to the tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than cramming.

Spacing

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19

The __________ effect is enhanced memory after retrieving information, rather than rereading it.

Testing

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20

__________ processing involves encoding on a basic level, such as a word's letters or sounds.

Shallow

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21

__________ processing refers to encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words.

Deep

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22

The __________ is a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories for storage.

Hippocampus

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23

A vivid memory of an emotionally significant moment or event is known as a __________ memory.

Flashbulb

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24

__________ potentiation is an increase in a synapse's firing potential after rapid stimulation, related to learning and memory.

Long-Term

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25

The act of retrieving information learned earlier is referred to as __________.

Recall

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26

Identifying previously learned items is known as __________.

Recognition

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27

__________ involves learning something more quickly the second time.

Relearning

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28

__________ is the activation of particular associations in memory, often unconsciously.

Priming

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29

The tendency to recall experiences consistent with one's current mood is known as __________ memory.

Mood-Congruent

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30

The __________ Position Effect refers to the tendency to recall the first and last items in a list best.

Serial

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31

__________ amnesia is the inability to form new memories after a brain injury.

Anterograde

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32

The inability to retrieve information from the past is known as __________ amnesia.

Retrograde

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33

__________ interference refers to the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

Proactive

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34

__________ interference is the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

Retroactive

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35

__________ is a defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts and feelings.

Repression

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36

The incorporation of misleading information into memory of an event is called the __________ effect.

Misinformation

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37

__________ amnesia is attributing an event or piece of information to the wrong source.

Source

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38

The eerie sense of experiencing something previously is known as __________.

Déjà Vu

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39

__________ encompasses all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Cognition

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40

A __________ is a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Concept

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41

A __________ is a mental image or best example of a category.

Prototype

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42

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas is known as __________.

Creativity

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43

Narrowing down possible solutions to determine the single best solution is referred to as __________ thinking.

Convergent

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44

__________ thinking involves expanding the number of possible problem solutions.

Divergent

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45

An __________ is a methodical, logical rule or procedure guaranteeing a solution to a problem.

Algorithm

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46

A __________ is a simple thinking strategy that is more error-prone but often allows efficient problem-solving.

Heuristic

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47

Insight involves a sudden __________ of a problem's solution.

realization

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48

The __________ bias is the tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions.

Confirmation

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49

A __________ set is a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way that has been successful before.

Mental

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50

__________ is an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, contrasting with explicit reasoning.

Intuition

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51

The __________ heuristic is judging the likelihood of things based on how well they match prototypes.

Representative

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52

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory is known as the __________ heuristic.

Availability

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53

__________ is the tendency to be more confident than correct, overestimating the accuracy of our beliefs.

Overconfidence

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54

__________ is the tendency to cling to one's initial beliefs even after they have been discredited.

Belief Perseverance

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55

The way an issue is posed, which can significantly affect decisions, is known as __________.

Framing

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56

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning is known as __________.

Language

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57

A __________ is the smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.

Phoneme

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58

The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called a __________.

Morpheme

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59

__________ is a system of rules that enables communication, including syntax and semantics.

Grammar

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60

The __________ stage, beginning at about 4 months, involves infants uttering sounds unrelated to the household language.

Babbling

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61

The __________ stage of speech development, from about age 1 to 2, involves mostly single words.

One-Word

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62

Starting around age 2, children enter the __________ stage, speaking in two-word statements.

Two-Word

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63

__________ speech is an early speech stage using mostly nouns and verbs, similar to a telegram.

Telegraphic

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64

__________ is an impairment of language typically caused by damage to the left hemisphere.

Aphasia

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65

__________ area is a region in the left frontal lobe controlling speech production.

Broca’s

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66

__________ area is a region in the left temporal lobe responsible for language comprehension.

Wernicke’s

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67

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines how we think is called __________ determination.

Linguistic

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68

The ability to learn, solve problems, and adapt to new situations is known as __________.

Intelligence

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69

An __________ test is a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them numerically.

Intelligence

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70

The idea that a single general factor underlies specific mental abilities is known as __________ intelligence.

General

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71

__________ analysis is a statistical procedure used to identify clusters of related items.

Factor

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72

Savant __________ is a condition where individuals with disabilities demonstrate extraordinary abilities in specific areas.

Syndrome

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73

__________ is passion and perseverance in achieving long-term goals.

Grit

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74

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions is referred to as __________ intelligence.

Emotional

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75

A measure of intelligence test performance based on the average abilities of children at a certain age is called __________ age.

Mental

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76

The American revision of Binet’s intelligence test is known as __________-Binet.

Stanford

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77

A numerical representation of intelligence, calculated as mental age divided by chronological age, is called __________ Quotient (IQ).

Intelligence

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78

An __________ test assesses what a person has learned.

Achievement

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79

An __________ test is designed to predict a person’s future performance.

Aptitude

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80

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) measures __________ and performance abilities.

verbal

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81

__________ is the defining of meaningful scores by comparison to a pretested group.

Standardization

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82

The __________ curve describes the distribution of scores in a symmetrical bell-shaped manner.

Normal

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83

__________ is the extent to which a test yields consistent results.

Reliability

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84

The extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure is known as __________.

Validity

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85

__________ validity is the degree to which a test samples the behavior it is supposed to measure.

Content

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86

__________ validity refers to the extent a test predicts future performance.

Predictive

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87

A __________ is a group of people sharing a common characteristic, often used in longitudinal studies.

Cohort

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88

__________ intelligence refers to accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, which increase with age.

Crystallized

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89

The ability to reason speedily and abstractly, which tends to decline with age, is known as __________ intelligence.

Fluid

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90

An __________ disability is a condition of limited mental ability indicated by an IQ below 70.

Intellectual

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91

__________ syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra 21st chromosome.

Down

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92

__________ refers to the proportion of variation among individuals attributed to genetic factors.

Heritability

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93

__________ threat is a self-confirming concern that one will be judged based on a negative stereotype.

Stereotype

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94

Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin developed the __________ model of memory.

multi-store

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95

George A. Miller is known for his work on short-term memory, especially the '__________ ± 2' capacity rule.

7

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96

Hermann Ebbinghaus pioneered memory research, including the __________ curve and spacing effect.

forgetting

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97

Eric Kandel studied the neural basis of learning and memory using __________ slugs.

sea

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98

Elizabeth Loftus researched the __________ effect and creation of false memories.

misinformation

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99

Robert Sternberg developed the __________ Theory of Intelligence.

Triarchic

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100

Wolfgang Köhler demonstrated __________ learning through experiments with chimpanzees.

insight

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