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Memory is the persistence of learning over time through __________, __________, and __________ of information.
encoding, storage, retrieval
The process of getting information into the memory system is called __________.
encoding
__________ is the retention of encoded information over time.
Storage
The process of getting information out of memory storage is known as __________.
Retrieval
The ability to process multiple aspects of a problem simultaneously is called __________ processing.
Parallel
__________ memory is the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information.
Sensory
Memory that holds a few items briefly is known as __________ memory.
Short-Term
__________ memory refers to relatively permanent and limitless storage of information.
Long-Term
A newer understanding of short-term memory is called __________ memory, focusing on conscious processing.
Working
__________ memory is the memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.
Explicit
__________ processing requires attention and conscious effort for encoding.
Effortful
__________ processing refers to unconscious encoding of incidental information.
Automatic
__________ memory involves retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations without conscious awareness.
Implicit
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, lasting only a fraction of a second, is known as __________ memory.
Iconic
__________ memory is a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli lasting about 3-4 seconds.
Echoic
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units is called __________.
Chunking
__________ are memory aids, especially those that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
Mnemonics
The __________ effect refers to the tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than cramming.
Spacing
The __________ effect is enhanced memory after retrieving information, rather than rereading it.
Testing
__________ processing involves encoding on a basic level, such as a word's letters or sounds.
Shallow
__________ processing refers to encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words.
Deep
The __________ is a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories for storage.
Hippocampus
A vivid memory of an emotionally significant moment or event is known as a __________ memory.
Flashbulb
__________ potentiation is an increase in a synapse's firing potential after rapid stimulation, related to learning and memory.
Long-Term
The act of retrieving information learned earlier is referred to as __________.
Recall
Identifying previously learned items is known as __________.
Recognition
__________ involves learning something more quickly the second time.
Relearning
__________ is the activation of particular associations in memory, often unconsciously.
Priming
The tendency to recall experiences consistent with one's current mood is known as __________ memory.
Mood-Congruent
The __________ Position Effect refers to the tendency to recall the first and last items in a list best.
Serial
__________ amnesia is the inability to form new memories after a brain injury.
Anterograde
The inability to retrieve information from the past is known as __________ amnesia.
Retrograde
__________ interference refers to the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
Proactive
__________ interference is the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
Retroactive
__________ is a defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts and feelings.
Repression
The incorporation of misleading information into memory of an event is called the __________ effect.
Misinformation
__________ amnesia is attributing an event or piece of information to the wrong source.
Source
The eerie sense of experiencing something previously is known as __________.
Déjà Vu
__________ encompasses all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Cognition
A __________ is a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Concept
A __________ is a mental image or best example of a category.
Prototype
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas is known as __________.
Creativity
Narrowing down possible solutions to determine the single best solution is referred to as __________ thinking.
Convergent
__________ thinking involves expanding the number of possible problem solutions.
Divergent
An __________ is a methodical, logical rule or procedure guaranteeing a solution to a problem.
Algorithm
A __________ is a simple thinking strategy that is more error-prone but often allows efficient problem-solving.
Heuristic
Insight involves a sudden __________ of a problem's solution.
realization
The __________ bias is the tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions.
Confirmation
A __________ set is a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way that has been successful before.
Mental
__________ is an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, contrasting with explicit reasoning.
Intuition
The __________ heuristic is judging the likelihood of things based on how well they match prototypes.
Representative
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory is known as the __________ heuristic.
Availability
__________ is the tendency to be more confident than correct, overestimating the accuracy of our beliefs.
Overconfidence
__________ is the tendency to cling to one's initial beliefs even after they have been discredited.
Belief Perseverance
The way an issue is posed, which can significantly affect decisions, is known as __________.
Framing
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning is known as __________.
Language
A __________ is the smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
Phoneme
The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called a __________.
Morpheme
__________ is a system of rules that enables communication, including syntax and semantics.
Grammar
The __________ stage, beginning at about 4 months, involves infants uttering sounds unrelated to the household language.
Babbling
The __________ stage of speech development, from about age 1 to 2, involves mostly single words.
One-Word
Starting around age 2, children enter the __________ stage, speaking in two-word statements.
Two-Word
__________ speech is an early speech stage using mostly nouns and verbs, similar to a telegram.
Telegraphic
__________ is an impairment of language typically caused by damage to the left hemisphere.
Aphasia
__________ area is a region in the left frontal lobe controlling speech production.
Broca’s
__________ area is a region in the left temporal lobe responsible for language comprehension.
Wernicke’s
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines how we think is called __________ determination.
Linguistic
The ability to learn, solve problems, and adapt to new situations is known as __________.
Intelligence
An __________ test is a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them numerically.
Intelligence
The idea that a single general factor underlies specific mental abilities is known as __________ intelligence.
General
__________ analysis is a statistical procedure used to identify clusters of related items.
Factor
Savant __________ is a condition where individuals with disabilities demonstrate extraordinary abilities in specific areas.
Syndrome
__________ is passion and perseverance in achieving long-term goals.
Grit
The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions is referred to as __________ intelligence.
Emotional
A measure of intelligence test performance based on the average abilities of children at a certain age is called __________ age.
Mental
The American revision of Binet’s intelligence test is known as __________-Binet.
Stanford
A numerical representation of intelligence, calculated as mental age divided by chronological age, is called __________ Quotient (IQ).
Intelligence
An __________ test assesses what a person has learned.
Achievement
An __________ test is designed to predict a person’s future performance.
Aptitude
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) measures __________ and performance abilities.
verbal
__________ is the defining of meaningful scores by comparison to a pretested group.
Standardization
The __________ curve describes the distribution of scores in a symmetrical bell-shaped manner.
Normal
__________ is the extent to which a test yields consistent results.
Reliability
The extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure is known as __________.
Validity
__________ validity is the degree to which a test samples the behavior it is supposed to measure.
Content
__________ validity refers to the extent a test predicts future performance.
Predictive
A __________ is a group of people sharing a common characteristic, often used in longitudinal studies.
Cohort
__________ intelligence refers to accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, which increase with age.
Crystallized
The ability to reason speedily and abstractly, which tends to decline with age, is known as __________ intelligence.
Fluid
An __________ disability is a condition of limited mental ability indicated by an IQ below 70.
Intellectual
__________ syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra 21st chromosome.
Down
__________ refers to the proportion of variation among individuals attributed to genetic factors.
Heritability
__________ threat is a self-confirming concern that one will be judged based on a negative stereotype.
Stereotype
Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin developed the __________ model of memory.
multi-store
George A. Miller is known for his work on short-term memory, especially the '__________ ± 2' capacity rule.
7
Hermann Ebbinghaus pioneered memory research, including the __________ curve and spacing effect.
forgetting
Eric Kandel studied the neural basis of learning and memory using __________ slugs.
sea
Elizabeth Loftus researched the __________ effect and creation of false memories.
misinformation
Robert Sternberg developed the __________ Theory of Intelligence.
Triarchic
Wolfgang Köhler demonstrated __________ learning through experiments with chimpanzees.
insight
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