AP Psychology Unit 7 and 11 Vocab

Memory is the persistence of learning over time through __________, __________, and __________ of information.

encoding, storage, retrieval

The process of getting information into the memory system is called __________.

encoding

__________ is the retention of encoded information over time.

Storage

The process of getting information out of memory storage is known as __________.

Retrieval

The ability to process multiple aspects of a problem simultaneously is called __________ processing.

Parallel

__________ memory is the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information.

Sensory

Memory that holds a few items briefly is known as __________ memory.

Short-Term

__________ memory refers to relatively permanent and limitless storage of information.

Long-Term

A newer understanding of short-term memory is called __________ memory, focusing on conscious processing.

Working

__________ memory is the memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.

Explicit

__________ processing requires attention and conscious effort for encoding.

Effortful

__________ processing refers to unconscious encoding of incidental information.

Automatic

__________ memory involves retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations without conscious awareness.

Implicit

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, lasting only a fraction of a second, is known as __________ memory.

Iconic

__________ memory is a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli lasting about 3-4 seconds.

Echoic

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units is called __________.

Chunking

__________ are memory aids, especially those that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Mnemonics

The __________ effect refers to the tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than cramming.

Spacing

The __________ effect is enhanced memory after retrieving information, rather than rereading it.

Testing

__________ processing involves encoding on a basic level, such as a word's letters or sounds.

Shallow

__________ processing refers to encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words.

Deep

The __________ is a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories for storage.

Hippocampus

A vivid memory of an emotionally significant moment or event is known as a __________ memory.

Flashbulb

__________ potentiation is an increase in a synapse's firing potential after rapid stimulation, related to learning and memory.

Long-Term

The act of retrieving information learned earlier is referred to as __________.

Recall

Identifying previously learned items is known as __________.

Recognition

__________ involves learning something more quickly the second time.

Relearning

__________ is the activation of particular associations in memory, often unconsciously.

Priming

The tendency to recall experiences consistent with one's current mood is known as __________ memory.

Mood-Congruent

The __________ Position Effect refers to the tendency to recall the first and last items in a list best.

Serial

__________ amnesia is the inability to form new memories after a brain injury.

Anterograde

The inability to retrieve information from the past is known as __________ amnesia.

Retrograde

__________ interference refers to the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

Proactive

__________ interference is the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

Retroactive

__________ is a defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts and feelings.

Repression

The incorporation of misleading information into memory of an event is called the __________ effect.

Misinformation

__________ amnesia is attributing an event or piece of information to the wrong source.

Source

The eerie sense of experiencing something previously is known as __________.

Déjà Vu

__________ encompasses all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Cognition

A __________ is a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Concept

A __________ is a mental image or best example of a category.

Prototype

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas is known as __________.

Creativity

Narrowing down possible solutions to determine the single best solution is referred to as __________ thinking.

Convergent

__________ thinking involves expanding the number of possible problem solutions.

Divergent

An __________ is a methodical, logical rule or procedure guaranteeing a solution to a problem.

Algorithm

A __________ is a simple thinking strategy that is more error-prone but often allows efficient problem-solving.

Heuristic

Insight involves a sudden __________ of a problem's solution.

realization

The __________ bias is the tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions.

Confirmation

A __________ set is a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way that has been successful before.

Mental

__________ is an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, contrasting with explicit reasoning.

Intuition

The __________ heuristic is judging the likelihood of things based on how well they match prototypes.

Representative

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory is known as the __________ heuristic.

Availability

__________ is the tendency to be more confident than correct, overestimating the accuracy of our beliefs.

Overconfidence

__________ is the tendency to cling to one's initial beliefs even after they have been discredited.

Belief Perseverance

The way an issue is posed, which can significantly affect decisions, is known as __________.

Framing

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning is known as __________.

Language

A __________ is the smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.

Phoneme

The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called a __________.

Morpheme

__________ is a system of rules that enables communication, including syntax and semantics.

Grammar

The __________ stage, beginning at about 4 months, involves infants uttering sounds unrelated to the household language.

Babbling

The __________ stage of speech development, from about age 1 to 2, involves mostly single words.

One-Word

Starting around age 2, children enter the __________ stage, speaking in two-word statements.

Two-Word

__________ speech is an early speech stage using mostly nouns and verbs, similar to a telegram.

Telegraphic

__________ is an impairment of language typically caused by damage to the left hemisphere.

Aphasia

__________ area is a region in the left frontal lobe controlling speech production.

Broca’s

__________ area is a region in the left temporal lobe responsible for language comprehension.

Wernicke’s

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines how we think is called __________ determination.

Linguistic

The ability to learn, solve problems, and adapt to new situations is known as __________.

Intelligence

An __________ test is a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them numerically.

Intelligence

The idea that a single general factor underlies specific mental abilities is known as __________ intelligence.

General

__________ analysis is a statistical procedure used to identify clusters of related items.

Factor

Savant __________ is a condition where individuals with disabilities demonstrate extraordinary abilities in specific areas.

Syndrome

__________ is passion and perseverance in achieving long-term goals.

Grit

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions is referred to as __________ intelligence.

Emotional

A measure of intelligence test performance based on the average abilities of children at a certain age is called __________ age.

Mental

The American revision of Binet’s intelligence test is known as __________-Binet.

Stanford

A numerical representation of intelligence, calculated as mental age divided by chronological age, is called __________ Quotient (IQ).

Intelligence

An __________ test assesses what a person has learned.

Achievement

An __________ test is designed to predict a person’s future performance.

Aptitude

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) measures __________ and performance abilities.

verbal

__________ is the defining of meaningful scores by comparison to a pretested group.

Standardization

The __________ curve describes the distribution of scores in a symmetrical bell-shaped manner.

Normal

__________ is the extent to which a test yields consistent results.

Reliability

The extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure is known as __________.

Validity

__________ validity is the degree to which a test samples the behavior it is supposed to measure.

Content

__________ validity refers to the extent a test predicts future performance.

Predictive

A __________ is a group of people sharing a common characteristic, often used in longitudinal studies.

Cohort

__________ intelligence refers to accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, which increase with age.

Crystallized

The ability to reason speedily and abstractly, which tends to decline with age, is known as __________ intelligence.

Fluid

An __________ disability is a condition of limited mental ability indicated by an IQ below 70.

Intellectual

__________ syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra 21st chromosome.

Down

__________ refers to the proportion of variation among individuals attributed to genetic factors.

Heritability

__________ threat is a self-confirming concern that one will be judged based on a negative stereotype.

Stereotype

Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin developed the __________ model of memory.

multi-store

George A. Miller is known for his work on short-term memory, especially the '__________ ± 2' capacity rule.

7

Hermann Ebbinghaus pioneered memory research, including the __________ curve and spacing effect.

forgetting

Eric Kandel studied the neural basis of learning and memory using __________ slugs.

sea

Elizabeth Loftus researched the __________ effect and creation of false memories.

misinformation

Robert Sternberg developed the __________ Theory of Intelligence.

Triarchic

Wolfgang Köhler demonstrated __________ learning through experiments with chimpanzees.

insight