Chapter One

Superior

Closer to the head

Inferior

Closer to the feet

Cranial

Closer to the head (on the trunk)

Caudal

Closer to the buttocks (on the trunk)

Anterior

Front of the body

Posterior

Back of the body

Medial

Closer to midline

Lateral

Away from midline

Proximal

Closer to the trunk (arms & legs)

Distal

Further from trunk (arms & legs)

Superficial

Closer to surface

Deep

Further from surface

Transverse

Divides into upper and lower

Sagittal

Divides into left and right

Frontal

Divides into anterior and posterior

Extension

Straighten or open

Flexion

Decrease of angle between bones

Adduction

Moving limb towards midline

Abduction

Moving limb away from midline

Medial Rotation

Limb turns towards midline (shoulders and hips)

Lateral Rotation

Limb turns away from midline (shoulders and hips)

Rotation

Circumduction

Movement in a circular motion (shoulder & hips)

Lateral Flexion

Laterally to the side (axial skeleton)

Elevation

Moving superiorly (scapula & jaw)

Depression

Moving inferiorly (scapula & jaw)

Supination

Turning of palm upwards (forearm & feet)

Pronation

Turning of palm downwards (forearm & feet)

Inversion

Turning in medially (feet)

Eversion

Turning out laterally (feet)

Plantar Flexion

Moving downwards (movement of ankle)

Dorsiflexion

Moving upwards (movement of ankle)

Protraction

Moving anteriorly (scapula, clavicle, head, & jaw)

Retraction

Moving posteriorly (scapula, clavicle, head, & jaw)

Deviation

Wander from usual course

Opposition

Thumbpad crosses palm towards pinkie (carpometacarpal joint)

Prone

On stomach

Supine

On back

Side-Lying

On side

Palpation

To examine or explore by touching (an organ or area)

Steps of Palpation

Locate, Become Aware, Assess

Palpating Bones & Sharp Edges

Roll fingers or thumb across

Palpating Ropy Fibers

Strum fingers in direction of muscle fibres

Active Movement

Partner moves while you palpate

Passive Movement

You move partners body

Resisted Movement

Partner acts against you resistance

Skin

The largest organ of the body; connected by superficial fascia and deeper tissues

Muscle

Voluntary contractile tissue that moves the skeleton

Muscle Composition

Fibers, Fascia, & Numerous Nerves/Blood Vessels

Agonist

Prime movers

Synergist

Assist agonists

Antagonist

Oppose/resist agonists

Physical Characteristics of Muscles

Striated Texture, Direction of Fibers, Different Feeling Depending on Tension

Tendon

Attaches muscle to the bone (connects to periosteum)

Ligament

Fibrous connective tissue connecting bone to bone

Fascia

Fibrous membrane surrounding muscles and organs

Retinaculum

Transverse thickening of the deep fascia which straps tendons down in a particular area or location

Bursa

Small, fluid-filled sack that reduces friction between two structures

Adipose

Loose connective fatty tissue found throughout the body

Lymph Nodes

Nodes that collect lymphatic fluid from lymphatic vessels

Ball & Socket Joint

Capable of movement in all planes (shoulders & hips)

Hinge Joint

Allows for flexion and extension (i.e., elbow)

Gliding Joint

Small shifting movements (i.e., carpal bones)

Ellipsoid Joint

Flexion/extension & abdution/adduction (i.e., wrist)

Saddle Joint

Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, & circumduction

Pivot Joint

Allow one bone to rotate around the surface of another