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Heredity
The transmission of traits form parents to offspring
Trait
Any characteristic of an individual
What made the garden pea an ideal organism for Mendel’s study of genes?
inexpensive and easy to grow
short generation time
produce large number of seeds
can control which parents were involved mating
What are self and cross fertilization?
Self-fertilization is asexual reproduction while cross-fertilization is when the sperm from one flower used to fertilize another.
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
genotype is the set of alleles at a gene while phenotype is the physical output of the genotype.
What is a true-breeding line?
A true breeding line will produce identical offspring to themselves when self-fertilized.
What are hybrids?
The offspring of two different pure breeding lines that differed in one or more traits.
What are homozygous and heterozygous genotypes?
homozygous= two of the same alleles (RR or rr)
Heterozygous= two different alleles (Rr)
Autosomal Inheritance
The patterns of inheritance of any genes not on a sex chromosome. These are the “standard” patterns of inheritance.
Reciprocal Cross
A cross in which the phenotypes of the male and female are reversed compared with a prior cross.
Testcross
A cross of a homozygous recessive individual and an individual with the dominant phenotype but unknown genotype.
X-Linked
Referring to a gene located on the X chromosome.
Y-linked
Referring to a gene located on the Y chromosome.
What is the meaning of the P, F1, F2, etc. generations?
P= Parental Generation
F1= Offspring of P
F2= Offspring of F1
What is a back cross?
Backcrossing is a crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents.
In general, why do sex-linked disorders manifest differently than autosomal disorders?
sex-linked disorders manifest differently because some disorders are specifically x-linked or y-linked which means based on your gender you are more or less likely to get a specific disorder.
Incomplete dominance
Alleles are not always dominant or recessive, heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype.
codominance
Simultaneous expression of phenotype associate with each of the alleles in heterozygote. AB blood type.
pleiotropy
1 gene affects many traits. Example Marfan syndrome
epistasis
Two or more genes effect 1 trait.
quantitative traits.
Traits that vary continuously. Can be plotted on a bell shaped curve. Ex= height or weight
Understand how to recognize male/female diseased/carrier/non-disease individuals in a pedigree.
Male= square
Female= circle
Diseased= filled in
Carrier= half filled
non-disease=empty
How would an X-linked, Y-linked disorder or autosomal disorder show up in a karyotype?
X- linked and Y-linked would show up in the sex chromosomes while autosomal disorders would show up in the non-sex chromosomes.
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