4. alcohols

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specification point: 4.2.1

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20 Terms

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what are alcohols?
molecules containing the hydroxyl (-OH) group
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what are primary alcohols?
the carbon bonded to the hydroxyl group is bonded to one other carbon
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what are secondary alcohols?
the carbon bonded to the hydroxyl group is bonded to two other carbons
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what are tertiary alcohols?
the carbon bonded to the hydroxyl group is bonded to three other carbons
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what are diols?
molecules with 2 hydroxyl groups
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why are alcohols less volatile than alkanes + alkenes?
as chain length increases, melting point and boiling point increases, so volatility decreases
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why does solubility decrease as chain length increases?
as chain length increases, the non-polar region has a greater influence on solubility than the polar, OH group, so solubility decreases
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what is meant by oxidation, in terms of carbon?
a molecule is oxidised when carbon forms a bond with a more electronegative element
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what is meant by reduction, in terms of carbon?
a molecule is reduced when carbon forms a bond with a less electronegative element
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what are primary alcohols oxidised to?
primary alcohols are oxidised to aldehydes, which are further oxidised to carboxylic acids
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what are secondary alcohols oxidised to?
secondary alcohols are oxidised to ketones
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why are tertiary alcohols oxidised to?
tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidised
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what oxidising agent is used to oxidise alcohols?
\[O\] - acidified potassium dichromate ions
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how can alcohols be tested for?

1. primary + secondary alcohols: acidified dichromate ions turn the solution from orange to green
2. tertiary alcohols: solution stays orange
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by what process are aldehydes prepared?
distillation
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by what process are ketones and carboxylic acids prepared?
reflux
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what do alcohols produce (+ conditions) in elimination reactions with water?
alkenes and water

conditions: concentrated acid catalyst, heat
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what do alcohols produce (+ conditions) in substitution reactions with sodium halide salts?
haloalkanes, water + salt

conditions: acid catalyst
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what test can distinguish primary and secondary alcohols?
* add tollens’ reagent and heat.
* if silver mirror produced, aldehyde, therefore primary alcohol
* if no silver mirror produced, ketone, therefore secondary alcohol
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how can fehling’s solution distinguish between primary and secondary alcohols?
fehling’s solution turns red in primary alcohols, but stays blue in secondary alcohols