Test 2 Notes

Congress of Vienna

A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance and France, to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon

Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain

Quadruple Alliance

Metternich

believed in strong gov't; opposed liberalism/nationalism; leader of austrian gov't

Concert of Europe (Congress System)

system set up by the Quadruple Alliance (Metternich) to meet periodically to talk about common issues

Russia, Prussia, Austria

Holy Alliance

King Louis XVIII

King Louis XVI's brother that gained power in France after Napoleon was defeated

Liberalism

A philosophy whose principal ideas were equality and liberty; liberals demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as such individual freedoms as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest

Laissez-faire economics

a doctrine of economic liberalism advocating unrestricted private enterprise and no gov't interference

conservatism

A political philosophy that stressed retaining traditional values and institutions, including hereditary monarchy and a strong landowning aristocracy

legitimate monarchs

those not associated with napoleon

radicalism

the political orientation of those who favor revolutionary change in government and society; ideology endorsing democracy

1848 Revolutions

Revolutions in Europe from liberalism and nationalism; wanted change, but all were suppressed

Garibaldi and the Red Shirts

Nationalistic group that had the support of many Italians; when they supported the Italian King, it helped unify North and South Italy.

Count Cavour of Piedmont

Cavour forms alliance with Napoleon III and defeats austria; Napoleon attempts a peace treaty; Cavour resigns in protest until nationalists bring him back to power to unify northern italy

Napoleon III

Emperor of France who tried to take advantage of America's disorganized state by sending an attempt at expansion into Mexico

Paris Commune

the small government in Paris who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own government

Ausgleich

created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary; Austria and Hungary each had its own capital, constitution, and legislative assembly, but were united under one monarch.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice against Jews (jewish slowly started gaining rights causing hostility towards them)

Zionism

The movement toward Jewish political nationhood started by Theodor Herzl

Dreyfus affair

a divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a jewish captain in the french army was falsely accused and convicted of treason; Catholic church sides with anti-semites; after dreyfus declared innocent, french gov't severs all state-church ties

October Manifesto

the result of a great general strike in Russia; granted full civil rights and promised a popularly elected Duma (parliament) with real legislative power (Nicholas II keeps power anyway)

Kulturkampf

Bismarck's attack on the Catholic Church

Berlin

capital of prussia, then capital of germany

Versailles

coronation of William I

Alsace-Lorraine

provinces on the border of Germany and France, taken by prussia from france

frankfort assembly

Legislative body formed during the brief success of liberal reformers; they failed in their attempt to form a German nation.

Kleindeutsch

plan for small germany without austria

Grossdeutsch

plan for large germany led by austria

William I

king of prussia, german emperor, hired Bismarck to further his goals

utopian socialism

Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively; Robert Owen

new harmony, indiana

wealthy and idealistic textile manufacturer Robert Owen established a utopian communal society

Scientific Socialism

The term Marx and Engels used to stress to that their ideology was based on an analysis of class conflict

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies (particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion)

anarchism

A political theory favoring the abolition of governments

Michael Bakunin

Radical Russian anarchist, advocated revolutionary violence, believed that revolutionary movements should be led by secret societies who would seize power, destroy the state, and create a new social order

Frederic Engels

marx side kick

Bourgeoisie

well-educated, prosperous, middle-class groups

Proletariat

working class

Revisionism

An effort by various socialists to update Marxian doctrines to reflect the realities of the time

Edouard Bernstein

A Social Democratic member of the Reichstag in the German Empire; Led Marxist revisionism in Germany; Wrote Evolutionary Socialism (as distinct from revolutionary socialism); held that class conflict was not inevitable and capitalism might be transformed in workers' interests - especially if labor had vote and its own political party

trade unionism

Movement supporting workers' rights but not necessarily socialist or anarchist

social democrats

promote the creation of economic democracy as a means to secure workers' rights; rejects the Marxian principle of dictatorship of the proletariat, claiming that gradualist democratic reforms will improve the rights of the working class.

Dictatorship of the Proletariat

Marx's theory of a proletariat controlled world following the taking from the wealthy; eventually it will wither away into a classless society.

white man's burden

The idea that Europeans could and should civilize more primitive nonwhite peoples and that imperialism would eventually provide nonwhites with modern achievements and higher standards of living.

King Leopold II

King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the infamous ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908).

Congo Free State

a large area in Central Africa that was privately controlled by Leopold II of Belgium. He was able to secretly treat the people of the colony very badly until he was forced to give it up. (red rubber colony)

Dr. David Livingstone

the Scottish missionary who was believed to be dead, was found by Stanley

Henry Stanley

American publicist who trekked across Africa and "found" Dr. Livingstone in 1871

The Berlin Conference

A meeting of European leaders held in 1884-1885 to lay down basic rules for imperialist competition in sub-Saharan Africa. arranged by french jules ferry and german otto van bismarck

Cecil Rhodes

British imperialist, colonial financier, and statesman in South Africa

Queen Victoria

Empress of India

young turks

Fervent patriots who seized power in a 1908 coup in the Ottoman Empire, forcing the conservative sultan to implement reforms. paved way for modern turkey

muhammad ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

Suez Canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

Disraeli

British statesman who as Prime Minister bought controlling interest in the Suez Canal and made Queen Victoria the empress of India (1804-1881)

battle of adowa

battle in which the Ethiopians defeated the Italians

Fashoda Crisis

Military confrontation between Great Britain and France in the Sudan in 1898

Liberia (Monrovia)

West African republic founded in 1822 by freed blacks from the US

Great Trek of the Boers

The British takeover of Cape Town led the Dutch cattle ranchers and farmers to make their great trek to the interior in 1835. There, they fought the Zulu and Xhosa peoples for land. (871)

Great Mutiny/Great Revolt

The terms used by the British and the Indians, respectively, to describe the last armed resistance to British rule in India, which occurred in 1857.

French Indochina

Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia

Chinese Opium War

1889-1842 war between British and Chinese over limitations on trade and importation of opium into China

Treaty of Nanjing

1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of chinese territory and conduct trading business in china under their own laws; this treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these were Hong Kong.

Extraterritoriality

Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right.

Empress Dowager Cixi

resisted reform; imprisoned emperor

boxers

A Chinese secret society that blamed the country's ills on foreigners, especially missionaries, and rose in rebellion in 1899-1900

pu yi

The last Emperor of China. He was put on the throne at the age of 3 and was more of a head figure than actual ruler.

Guomintang Nationalist Party

Sun Yatsen; push for nationalization

Taiping Rebellion

A massive rebellion by believers in the religious teachings of Hong Xiuquan, begun in 1851 and not suppressed until 1864; mission to wipe out evil in China b/c he believed he was Jesus' younger brother

sun yatsen

head of the Revolutionary Alliance that led the 1911 revolt against the Qing; president of China in 1911, but yielded to Yuan Shikai in 1912; created the Guomindang in 1919; died in 1925.

1911 Revolution

The uprising due to sun yatsen that brought China's monarchy to an end.

Tokugawa Shogunate

run out of Edo (Tokyo); separated Japan into domains w/ Daiymo (leader); no social mobility

Gunboat Diplomacy

The imposition of treaties and agreements under threat of military violence, such as the opening of Japan to trade after Commodore Perry's demands.

Sino-Japanese War

(1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with treaty that granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate.

dutch east indies

Colony controlled by the Dutch East India company exported cash crops of sugar, tea, coffee, and tobacco, plus rubber and tin making it a valuable colony

Meiji Restoration

The 1867 ousting of the Tokugawa Shogunate that "restored" the power of the Japanese emperors.; led by Meiji oligarchs; "strong army, rich nation"

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.

Treaty of Portsmouth

(1905) ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). It was signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize). Japan had dominated the war and received an indemnity, the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, and half of Sakhalin Island, but the treaty was widely condemned in Japan because the public had expected more.

**German and Italian Views on Nationalism**

German Philosopher Johann Gottfried von Herder respected the importance of cultural traditions, but did not believe in individual sovereign nation-states. He thought everyone was intermingled by the common spirit of multiculturalism. In contrast, Italian philosopher Giuseppe Mazzini believed people were meant to exist with similar groups, that conglomerate societies “disfigured the design of God.” and that without a unified country, no one has a name, voice, or rights.

**George Sand**

George Sand was a pioneering feminist and a popular French writer. Her real name was Aurore, but she wrote under a man’s name and wore men’s clothing. She was involved with many extramarital affairs which were personally empowering for her as well. Broke traditional gender norms and was an advocate for a cultural shift in gender roles.

**Tippu Tip**

Tippu Tip was Top Dog in the slave trade, and the European “civilization” of Africa often had issues with the commercial elements of colonialization. But the Europeans were chill with Tip because he knew how to make money and be a diplomat. Tippu created a slave and ivory empire and expanded his trading posts well into Africa’s interior. He was friends with all the big European names like Richard Burton, John Speak, and David Livingstone. He showed that the Europeans really didn't care about the Christianization and civilization of Africa and just liked money.

The Congo Free State

The expeditions to the Congo were pitched as humanitarian to the public of Europe, however, people who endeavored to central Africa were shocked at the brutality and the fact that most of the supplies sent to Africa were guns and shackles. Mutilations and disregard for human life led to the brutalization of an estimated 10 million Africans and desensitization among the Europeans in central Africa.

A French Leader Defends Imperialism

Jules Ferry believed that “superior races” had rights over “inferior races.” Even though some were averse to the idea, he advanced the arguments based on the ideas of “money, power, and, we’re better than everybody else.” Ideas of propagating France’s influence led the French to implement bad philosophy and politics.

African Views of the Scramble for Africa

“Until the lions have their historians, tales of hunting will always glorify the hunter.” Documented letters of complaints where Africans were taken advantage of and treated unfairly. European imperialists claimed that African leaders were bloodthirsty tyrants, but the letters show that they just want to be left alone. British perceive Zulus as savages and Zulus perceive the British as savages.

English Language Education for Indians

The learning project of teaching English to the Indian people was unsuccessful and disliked. Most believed that instruction in English hindered learning of the sciences and medicine. The transition between languages was difficult to achieve as well. The British believed that they were superior and the Indians should change, but it really did not benefit them at all. Thomas Babington had ideals in his mind of Brown blooded men with English dignity and taste but after the ultimate failure, contemporary sources from Britain said that in the future they should not reeducate the educated class and instead raise up new men who would adopt their views more easily.

Jose Rizal

Half Chinese, Half Filipino Doctor who lived in the Philippines. He wrote a satirical book about the issues between the Catholic church and the colonial administration in the Philippines. This made him enemies and he was arrested and falsely implicated with nationalist revolutionaries. He was executed by firing squad.

Fukuzawa Yukichi "ESCAPE FROM ASIA”

Fukuzawa believed that once western civilization eventually came east, regardless of countries’ attempts to stave it off, it would be detrimental because once Europeans saw how bad China and Korea were, they would assume Japan to be just as bad, cruel, and uneducated. So he postulates that Japan breaks ties with the east and joins the ranks of the civilized west.