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History

The study of the past; shapes and influences who we are today.

Historia

Knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation.

Historiography

The study of how history is written; should not be confused with history itself.

Valid Historical Documents

Government records

Positivism

18th–19th century school of thought requiring empirical and observable evidence

Post-Colonialism

20th-century school of thought focused on creating national identity free from colonial influence and criticizing colonial methods and effects.

External Criticism

Technique that examines the physical characteristics of sources.

Internal Criticism

Technique that examines the factuality of content in sources.

Code of Kalantiaw

Alleged pre-colonial law code; later proven a hoax by William Henry Scott.

Land Bridge Theory

Suggested the Philippines was once connected to mainland Asia; disproved by Fitjoff Voss.

Plate Tectonic Theory

Explains islands formed due to tectonic movement

Dr. Joseph Montano

Earliest known scholar to classify Filipinos into Negritos

Dr. Henry Otley Beyer

Father of Philippine Anthropology; proposed the Wave Migration Theory.

Wave Migration Theory

Proposed Filipinos came in successive waves: Negritos

Dr. Robert Fox

Anthropologist who discovered the Tabon Skull (22

Fossil remains in Palawan; excavated 1962–1966 by Fox and team; identified as Homo sapiens.

tabon skull

Dr. Felipe Landa Jocano

Anthropologist who proposed Core Population Theory; emphasized shared Southeast Asian cultural roots.

Core Population Theory

Assumes early Southeast Asians had a common ethnic background and culture; supported by fossil similarities in Asia.

Peter Bellwood

Proposed Austronesian migration from Taiwan through Batanes around 4

Dr. William Henry Scott

Historian who debunked the Code of Kalantiaw and challenged the Maragtas Tale.

Katipunan (KKK)

Secret society founded July 7

Cry of Pugadlawin

August 23

Discovery of Katipunan

August 19

Magdiwang Faction

Katipunan faction led by Mariano Alvarez in Noveleta

Magdalo Faction

Katipunan faction led by Baldomero Aguinaldo in Kawit

Tejeros Convention

March 22

Andres Bonifacio

Supremo of the Katipunan; lost authority after Tejeros Convention.

Gregoria de Jesús

Wife of Bonifacio; known as the Lakambini ng Katipunan.

Emilio Jacinto

Brains of the Katipunan; wrote the Kartilya ng Katipunan.

Pio Valenzuela

Consulted Jose Rizal about the revolution in 1896.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of Magdalo faction; later became the first president of the Philippines.

Mariano Alvarez

Leader of Magdiwang faction in Cavite.

Baldomero Aguinaldo

Organizer of the Magdalo council.

Artemio Ricarte

Became captain general of the revolutionary forces.

Santiago Alvarez

Key Magdiwang general and chronicler of events.

Cavite Battles

Imus

Emilio Aguinaldo

Proclaimed Philippine Independence on June 12

Apolinario Mabini

Drafted the decree of independence under Aguinaldo’s instruction.

Marcela and Lorenza Agoncillo

Sewed the first Philippine flag.

Julian Felipe

Composed the Marcha Nacional Filipina

Jose Palma

Wrote the lyrics for Marcha Nacional Filipina (Filipinas).

Ambrosio Bautista

Read the Declaration of Philippine Independence on June 12

Philippine Flag Meaning

Sun = steps to independence; rays = 8 revolting provinces; red = bravery; blue = peace; 3 stars = Luzon

Independence Day Dates

Declared June 12

Treaty of Paris (1898)

US paid Spain $20 million to cede the Philippines after the Spanish-American War.