EGP151X_S2_Lecture 2_Fluids

Phase of Matter

Phase of Matter

A state of matter characterized by distinct physical properties; includes solids, liquids, and gases.

Solids

Do not deform to fit a container; have strong intermolecular bonds preventing flow.

Liquids

Deform to fit the shape of their container; have weaker intermolecular bonds allowing free movement.

Gases

Expand to fill the entire volume of a container; have negligible intermolecular bonds.

Density

The mass of a substance divided by its volume, often expressed in kg/m³.

Specific Gravity (SG)

The ratio of the density of a fluid to the density of water at 4°C.

Buoyant Force

The upward force exerted by a fluid on an object immersed in it, equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.

Pressure

Force per unit area applied perpendicular to the surface of an object.

Archimedes' Principle

A principle stating that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid that the object displaces.

Bernoulli’s Equation

An equation relating the pressure, speed, and elevation of fluid flow, applicable to incompressible fluids in steady flow.

What is a solid?

A state of matter with a fixed shape and volume.

What defines a liquid?

A state of matter that has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container.

What characterizes a gas?

A state of matter that has neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume.

What is the formula for density?

Density = Mass / Volume.

How is specific gravity calculated?

Specific Gravity = Density of substance / Density of water.

What does buoyant force depend on?

Buoyant force depends on the weight of the fluid displaced by an object.

What does Archimedes' Principle describe?

The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.

What is Bernoulli’s Equation used for?

To describe the relationship between pressure, speed, and elevation in fluid flow.

What units are used for pressure?

Pressure is often expressed in Pascals (Pa) or Newtons per square meter (N/m²).

What happens to gases in terms of volume when heated?

Gases expand and increase in volume when heated, assuming pressure is constant.