CCW FINALS QUIZ

Global city

is a city that is a significant node in the global economic system, serving as a hub for finance, trade, politics, culture, and communication.

Saskia Sassen

First coined the book: The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo.

Economic Indicators

Headquarters of multinational corporations, global financial markets, stock exchanges.

Human Capital Indicators

Skilled labor, international universities, diverse migrant communities.

Connectivity Indicators

Advanced infrastructure (airports, seaports, ICT) that connects globally.

Cultural Indicators

Presence of global media, entertainment, fashion, arts, and cultural institutions.

Political Indicators

Centers for international organizations, summits, diplomacy.

Globalization and World Cities Network

Measures how cities are connected through advanced producer services (finance, law, accounting, advertising, management consulting).

Alpha

command centers of globalization (London, New York, Tokyo, Hong Kong).

Beta

important regional links in the world economy.

Gamma

smaller hubs with niche or regional importance.

Sufficiency Cities

provide some global services but not strongly connected.

Global City Index

is a report or ranking that assesses cities' global competitiveness based on various factors such as economics, human capital, culture, environment, and governance.

Global City Index

aim to track how cities are changing in a globalized world, with different organizations employing different methodologies and categories to evaluate and compare cities' influence and attractiveness.

Metro Manila

ranked 206th globally, reflecting its dominant role in national GDP contribution, business activity, and urban connectivity.

High Cost of Living

Property prices and rent skyrocket due to demand. Middle

Inequality

While global cities attract wealth and investment, this is not evenly distributed.

Immigrants and Marginalized Groups

Migrants often face discrimination, language barriers, and limited job opportunities, even though they contribute heavily to the economy.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Cities consume vast amounts of energy.

Climate Change Vulnerability

Many global cities are coastal and face threats from rising sea levels and extreme weather.

Waste and Pollution

Rapid consumption generates massive amounts of garbage and pollution.

Transportation Systems

Traffic congestion is a common global city problem.

Sanitation and Housing

Rapid population growth overwhelms sewage systems, waste management, and affordable housing availability.

Urbanization Pressures

The constant influx of migrants and workers strains city services (schools, hospitals, utilities).

Terrorism

Global cities are prime targets because of their symbolic and economic importance.

Cyberattacks

As centers of finance and technology, global cities are vulnerable to hacking and data theft.

Public Safety

High population density makes crowd control and policing more difficult.

Diverse Populations

Global cities attract people of many nationalities, religions, and cultural backgrounds.

Local vs. Global Interests

Leaders must balance local needs (housing, jobs, transport) with global pressures (investors, trade, tourism).

Innovative Governance Needed

Cities must adopt collaborative and smart solutions public to private partnerships, digital governance, green infrastructure to keep up with growth.

Global Homogenization

As international brands and trends spread, unique local cultures may weaken.

Balancing Tradition and Modernization

Cities try to attract foreign investment and tourism while still protecting local heritage.

Demography

is the scientific study of human populations, focusing on their size, structure, distribution, and the processes that drive changes in these characteristics, such as birth, migration, aging, and death.

Demography

To understand population trends and predict future changes. To help government plan for resources, employment, health, and education.

Fertility, Mortality, Migration, Population Structure

Key concept of demography.

Early Human History

Growth was slow and unstable due to high mortality (disease, famine, war).

4 million (10,000 BCE), 170–300 million by 1 CE

World population of Early Human History.

Neolithic Revolution (10,000 BCE)

humans began farming, increasing food supply and settlement stability.

Medieval Period

Growth limited by plagues, wars, and famines.

The Black Death (1347–1351)

killed about one third of Europe’s population.

1500 CE, 500 million

World population of Medieval period.

Early Modern Period

Agricultural innovations, global trade, and colonial expansion led to faster growth. Steady decline in famine and disease deaths.

By 1800 CE, world population reached 1 billion

World population of Early Modern Period.

Industrial Revolution

Marked by technological and medical progress. Decline in death rates due to sanitation, medicine, and food supply improvements.

1 billion to 1.6 billion

World population doubled in Industrial Revolution.

20th Century

The “Population Explosion.”

1.6 to 6.1 billion

Between 1900 and 2000, world population quadrupled.

Population Explosion

This rapid rise because of Vaccines, antibiotics, and improved healthcare. Public health programs reduced mortality in the 20th Century.

21st Century

Slowing Growth but Still Rising.

8 billion

By 2022, world population surpassed this population.

Growth rates

declining due to falling fertility in many countries.

9.7 billion

prediction of the population in 2050.

10.4 billion

prediction of the population in 2100.

The Malthusian Theory of Population

Population grows geometrically (exponentially) and Food supply grows arithmetically (linearly).

Preventive checks

(reduce births): moral restraint, delayed marriage, contraception, celibacy.

Positive checks

(increase deaths): famine, epidemic disease, war, poor living conditions.

Positive checks

He argued that if preventive checks do not occur, it will restore balance by increasing mortality.

Technological Advancement and Agricultural Innovation

Food production increased faster than Malthus predicted.

Green Revolution and modern farming

disproved limited food supply.

Decline in Fertility through Demographic Transition

Industrialization and education lowered birth rates. Supports the Demographic Transition Theory instead of Malthus’s view.

Inequality and Access, Not Absolute Shortage

Famines result from poor access to food, not lack of it. Political and economic inequality cause hunger.

Empirical and Historical Evidence Contradict Predictions

Many nations grew in population without famine. Industrial and technological progress sustained growth.

Demographic Transition

Explains how populations move from high birth & death rates to low birth & death rates as societies develop.

Warren Thompson (1929)

Developed the Demographic Transition.

Frank Notestein (1945)

Expanded the Demographic Transition.

Stage 1: Preindustrial Society

High birth rates and high death rates. Population growth is slow and unstable. Limited medical knowledge, poor sanitation, frequent famines, and wars.

Stage 2: Transitional Stage

Death rates decline sharply due to improvements in food supply, sanitation, and medicine. Birth rates remain high, leading to a population explosion. Rapid population growth and a youthful population structure.

Cultural lag

families continue to have many children despite lower mortality.

Stage 3: Industrial Stage

Birth rates begin to decline due to urbanization, education, and economic development. Death rates remain low and population growth slows down.

Stage 4: Post

Industrial Stage (Low Stationary Stage)

Stage 5: Declining Stage

Birth rates fall below replacement level. Population decline and workforce shortage. Increasing elderly dependency ratio.

Eurocentric and Historically Specific

Based on Western Europe’s Industrial Revolution experience. Assumes all countries follow the same stages. Ignores cultural and colonial differences.

Oversimplified Linear Model

Treats population change as a fixed sequence. Real patterns vary — some nations skip or reverse stages. Global trade, conflict, and policy also shape growth.

Ignores Cultural, Political, and Religious Factors

Focuses mainly on economic growth as driver of fertility decline. Overlooks cultural norms, religion, and policy influence.

Gender and Social Roles Overlooked

Ignores women’s education, empowerment, and work roles. Fertility decline linked to gender equality, not just economics.

Does Not Explain Population Decline in Developed Nations

DTT didn’t predict below replacement fertility. Many advanced nations now face aging and population shrinkage.

Fails to Address Migration and Globalization

Focused only on births and deaths, not migration. Immigration now sustains populations in some developed countries.