FSU PET4551 Final Exam - Risk Factor Values/Equations/Tests

Pulse Pressure

PP (mmHg) = SBP - DBP

Mean Arterial Pressure (Direct)

MAP (mmHg) = CARDIAC OUTPUT (Q) * TOTAL PERIPHERAL PRESSURE (TPP)

Mean Arterial Pressure (Indirect when HR < 100bpm)

MAP (mmHg) = [1/3 * (SBP-DBP)] + DBP

Mean Arterial Pressure (Indirect when HR > 100bpm)

MAP (mmHg) = [1/2 * (SBP-DBP)] + DBP

Rate Pressure Product

RPP = (HR*SBP) / 100

Cardiac Output (Q)

Q (L/min) = HR * SV

Fick Equation for VO2

VO2 = Q * (a-v) O₂ difference

Ankle Brachial Index (ABI)

ABI = (Ankle SBP) / (Brachial SBP)

- Normal: 1 to 1.1 (higher pressure in ankle)

- Used to severity of peripheral vascular disease; ABI drop with exercise indicates PVD

- BP taken at posterior tibial artery or dorsalis pedis artery

Hemoglobin (men)

13.5-17 g/dL

Hemoglobin (women)

11.5-15.5 g/dL

Hematocrit (men)

40-52%

Hematocrit (women)

36-48%

Fasting glucose

60-99 mg/dL

Kidney Tests (2)

1. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

2. Creatinine

Liver Tests (3)

1. Bilirubin

2. Alanine transaminase (ALT)

3. Aspartate transaminase (AST)

Total Serum Cholesterol Values (mg/dL) 1. Desirable:

<200

Total Serum Cholesterol Values (mg/dL) 2. Borderline High:

200-239

Serum LDL Values(mg/dL) 1. Desirable:

<100

Fasting Serum Triglyceride Values (mg/dL)

1. Normal: <150

2. Borderline High: 150-199

3. High: 200-499

4. Very High: ≥500

Blood Pressure (mmHg - 4)

1. Normal:

- SBP: <120 &

- DBP: <80

2. Elevated:

- SBP: 120-129

3. HS1:

- SBP: 130-139 OR

- DBP: 80-89

4. HS2:

- SBP: 140-180 OR

- DBP: 90-120

5. Hypertensive Crisis

- SBP: >180 OR

- DSP: >120

BMI (kg/m2)

1. Normal: 18.5-24.9

2. Overweight: 25-29.9

3. OC1: 30-34.9

4. OC2: 35-39.9

5. Extreme: ≥40

High Risk Waist to Hip Ratio (men)

>0.95

High Risk Waist to Hip Ratio (women)

>0.86

Metabolic Syndrome (any of the 3 out of 5)

1. Abdominal Obesity:

- Men: >40 in = 102 cm

-Women: ≥35 in = 88 cm

2. HDL Cholesterol:

- M: <40 mg/dL

- W: <50 mg/dL

3. Triglycerides:

- ≥150 mg/dL

4. Blood pressure:

- ≥130/85 mmHg

5. Fasting Glucose:

- ≥100 mg/dL

Case Study Positive Risk Factors (8)

1. Age:

- M: ≥45 yo

- W: ≥55 yo

2. Family History(MI):

- Before 55 yo for father or 1st deg male relative

- before 65 yo for mother or 1st deg female relative

3. Smoking:

- or those who quit within 6 mo

- or exposure to environmental tobacco

4: Physical Inactivity:

5. Obesity:

- BMI ≥30 kg/m2 OR

- waist:

--- M: >102cm = 40in

--- W: >88cm = 35in

6. Hypertension:

- ≥130/80 OR

- BP meds

- confirmed 2x

7. Dyslipidemia:

- LDL: ≥130 mg/dL

- lipid lowering meds

- HDL: <40 mg/dL in men, <50 mg/dL in women

- Non-HDL: ≥160 mg/dL

- If only total serum cholesterol is available: ≥200 mg/dL

8. Fasting Blood Glucose:

- ≥100mg/dl OR

- 2 hr oral glucose tolerance test: ≥140 mg/dl OR

- HbA1C ≥ 5.7%

- meds for diabetes

Signs & Symptoms for CV (9)

1. Pain in chest

2. shortness of breath (SOB)

3. dizziness/syncope

4. orthopnea/nocturnal dyspnea

5. ankle edema

6. palpitations/tachycardia (HR >100)

7. intermittent claudication

8. known heart murmur

9. unusual fatigue or SOB

Diagnostic criteria for Diabetes

1. Glycosylated Hemoglobin(A1c) : 6.5% or higher

2. Confirmed fasting blood glucose: 126mg/dL or higher

3. Confirmed blood glucose in response to OGTT of 75g glucose: 200mg/dL or higher

4. Confirmed non-fasting blood glucose: 200mg/dL or higher in the presence of symptoms of diabetes

Serum HDL Value (mg/dL)

High(good): ≥60

Low(bad): <40 men, <50 women

Non-HDL Cholesterol(Total Cholesterol - HDL)

Desirable: <130

Above Desirable: 130-159

Borderline High: 160-189

High: 190-219

Very High: ≥ 220

Case Study Negative Risk Factor

High serum HDL Cholesterol: ≥60 mg/dl

Pre-diabetes

1. A1c: 5.7-6.4%
2. Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT): 140-199 in response to OGTT
3. Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG): 100-125 mg/dl

Emerging Risk Factors

1. Triglycerides

2. lipoprotein(a)

3. lipoprotein remnants

4. small LDL particles

5. HDL subspecies

6. Apolipoproteins

7. Total Cholesterol to HDL ratios

8. Homocysteine

9. Inflammatory markers( C-reactive protein)

10. Thrombogenic and Hemostatic factors(fibrinogen)

11. Early menopause

12. Gum disease

13. Calcium content found in coronary arteries

Hematocrit(men)

40-52%

Hematocrit(women)

36-48%

Prothrombotic

Fibrogen: ≥350 mg/dl

Proinflammatory

C-reactive Protein: ≥3.0 mg/L state

Total Serum Cholesterol Values (mg/dL) 3. High:

≥ 240

Serum LDL Values(mg/dL) 2. Above Desirable:

100-129

Serum LDL Values(mg/dL) 3. Borderline High:

130-159

Serum LDL Values(mg/dL) 4. High:

160-189

Serum LDL Values(mg/dL) 5. Very High:

≥190