Biology chapter 3 review pt 1

3.1, 3.2, 3.3,

what is the order of human structures?

1. cell
2. tissues
3. organs
4. organ systems
5. organism

what are the four types of tissue/cells in humans?

* connective tissue
* epithelial tissue
* muscle tissue
* nervous tissue

epithelial tissue (epithelium)

**Structure:** Sheets of tightly packed cells

**Examples:** Skin, lining of digestive system

**Function:** protection and lining

what does the Epithelial Tissue look like?

nerve tissue

**Structure:**  Long, thin cells that transmit electrical impulses

**Examples:**  brain, nerves

**Function:** sensing environment, communication, coordination

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what does the nervous tissue look like

3 types of nerve cells

* **Sensory Neurons**
* **Motor Neurons**
* **Interneurons**

sensory neurons

carries information from body to brain or spinal cord

motor neurons

carries information from brain or spinal cord to another body part

interneurons

connects sensory and motor neurons

connective tissue

**Structure:** Composed of different types of cells that support and protect and connect the body’s organs

**Examples:** bone, blood

**Function:** support, insulation

what does the connective tissue look like

muscle tissue

**Structure:** Bundles of long cells that can shorten or contract

**Examples:** Heart, hamstrings, biceps, digestive system

**Function:** movement

what does the muscle tissue look like?

skeletal muscle

* Striated (striped)
* Used for voluntary movement

cardiac muscle

* Striated (striped)
* Used for involuntary movement
* Causes heart to pump

smooth muscle

* Not striped
* Used for involuntary movement
* Lines circulatory and digestive system

stem cell

an undifferentiated cell that can divide to form specialized cells

cellular differentiation

cells that develop in different ways to perform particular functions in a process

what does every cell in your body originally come from?

a small group of stem cell

what does scientists believe studying stem cells will do?

they believe the stem cells may be used to treat injuries and diseases by regenerating organs

what are stem cells capable of doing in the human body?

they capable of becoming any cell in the human body

Stem cell 🡪 unspecialized cell

can form specialized cells when exposed to proper environmental conditions, or they can remain unspecialized and actively divide for long periods of time

what are the two types of stem cells?

embryonic and tissue

embryonic stem cells

are found in the embryo and are able to differentiate into other cell types

 tissue stem cells

are involved in the replacement of damaged tissue 

Example location of tissue stem cells: skin, blood, neural tissue

cord blood cell banking

It is possible to harvest a few stem cells from the blood in the umbilical cord 

These cells are similar to tissue stem cells and the blood containing them can be “banked” for future use.

what are the four stages of processing food?

1. ingestion
2. digestion
3. absorption
4. elimination

mechanical/chemical break down of food into smaller units is what?

digestion

absorption

taking in nutrients into the blood stream

removal of waste is?

elimination

what is considered eating?

ingestion, the taking in of nutrients

digestive tract

a long tube in the body with two ends

in humans: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine and anus

what does the mucus do?

allows material to pass smoothly and protects the tube from digestive enzymes

what is the length of the digestive tract lined with?

the epithelial tissue which secrete mucus via goblet cells

layers of muscle tissue and nerve cells are also included in?

the digestive tube