Ap world vocab 4.1-4.2

Cartography

Science or art of making maps

Primogeniture laws

Gave all of each estate to the eldest son; not all sons of wealthy families could own land

• A law where the eldest son inherits the family's entire estate, including land, titles, and wealth

Omani-European Rivalry

A trade rivalry between traders from Oman and European traders over the Indian Ocean Trade Route, which fueled Columbus's search for a new route to India

• A trade competition in the Indian Ocean during the 15th to 17th centuries, where European traders, particularly the Portuguese, competed with the Omani for control of the lucrative trade routes and settlements

Maritime Empires

Empires such as Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and the Netherlands were based on sea travel.

• A state whose power is primarily derived from naval strength and overseas exploration

Astronomical Chart

A star chart or star map, also called a sky chart or sky map, is a map of the night sky. Astronomers divide these into grids to make them easier to use. They are used to identify and locate constellations and astronomical objects such as stars, nebulae, and galaxies.

• A map of celestial objects used for navigation and scientific purposes.

• Graphical maps of the night sky that were vital for navigation during the period of increased global exploration

Carrack

A large trading merchant ship operating in European waters (especially by the Portuguese) in the 14th to the 17th century.

• A three- or four-masted ocean-going sailing ship and was developed in the 14th and 15th centuries in Europe.

Caravel

A small, fast, and highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. Used for long-distance voyages.

• A small, fast, and highly maneuverable Portuguese and Spanish sailing ship used during the Age of Exploration (15th-17th centuries)

Fluyt

A Dutch type of sailing vessel originally designed as a dedicated cargo vessel. Its key features included a large cargo capacity, a shallow draft, and a smaller crew requirement, which made it a highly successful and dominant ship type for Dutch maritime trade.

• A Dutch sailing vessel from the 16th and 17th centuries that was designed for efficient cargo transport, giving the Dutch maritime dominance

Mercantalism

An economic theory where a nation's power is directly tied to its wealth, measured by its accumulation of precious metals like gold and silver. It promoted government regulation of the economy to achieve a favorable balance of trade (exports greater than imports) and was a primary driver for European colonization, as colonies were used to supply raw materials to the mother country and serve as markets for finished goods.

• An economic theory and practice that emerged in Europe during the 16th to 18th centuries, advocating that a nation's strength is directly related to its wealth, particularly in gold and silver.

Trading Post Empire

This is the type of empire established by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean trading arena. The Portuguese sought to control the commerce in the area and did not want to control large areas of land.

• A maritime empire established primarily for controlling trade routes through a network of fortified trading posts, rather than for direct territorial control.

• Maritime empires established primarily for commercial purposes, where European powers built fortified trading posts to control trade routes and access valuable goods. These empires focused on establishing a network of coastal settlements and outposts, rather than vast territorial conquests

Manila

Capital of the Spanish Philippines and a major multicultural trade city that already had a population of more than 40,000 by 1600. Vital center for the Manila Galleon trade.

• The capital of the Spanish Philippines and a central hub for the Manila Galleon trade.

Galleons

Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; the basis for the convoy system utilized by Spain for the transportation of bullion (gold or silver in bulk). Heavily armed Spanish ships allowed the silver trade to flourish.

• A large, multi-decked sailing ship used from the 16th to 18th centuries for European trade and warfare, known for its cargo capacity and armament

Northwest Passage

A route through or around North America that would lead to East Asia and the precious trade in spices and luxury goods.

• A sea route through the Arctic Ocean connecting the Atlantic and Pacific, which European powers sought during the Age of Exploration for a shorter trade route to Asia

Quebec

First permanent French settlement/trading post in North America, founded by Samuel de Champlain. Became a central hub for the French fur trade.

• The capital of the French colony of New France, founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain

New France

French colony in North America

• A French colony in North America from 1534 to 1763, encompassing a vast territory that included the St. Lawrence River, the Great Lakes, and parts of what is now the United States

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America was founded in East Virginia in 1607.

New Amsterdam

Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. This later became "New York City". The Dutch claimed the Hudson River Valley and the island of Manhattan. On the tip of this island, they settled a community called New Amsterdam, which is today New York.

• Dutch colonial settlement in North America that served as the capital of New Netherland and later became New York City