AP Statistics Chapter 4 Final Review

This set of flashcards covers key concepts from Chapter 4 of AP Statistics, focusing on sampling techniques, experimental design, and important terminologies.

Population

The ENTIRE group of individuals about which we WANT information.

Sample Frame

The PART of the Population from which we ATTEMPT to collect information.

Sample

The PART of the population from which we actually COLLECT information.

Convenience Sampling

Picking a sampling frame out of convenience because it's easy.

Voluntary Response Sample

Individuals only respond if they choose to, often leading to biased data.

Non-response

When data from the sample is not collected due to individuals not responding.

Undercoverage

When some groups in the population are left out of the sampling process.

Response Bias

When individuals lie during the response, either knowingly or inadvertently.

Simple Random Sample (SRS)

Everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

Stratified Random Sample

A sampling method where the population is divided into groups and separate SRSs are taken.

Cluster Sample

A sampling method that involves dividing the population into smaller groups and selecting entire clusters.

Observational Study

A study where individuals are observed without attempts to influence responses.

Experiment

A study that imposes some type of treatment to measure responses.

Lurking Variable

A variable that may influence the response variable but is not included among the explanatory variables.

Confounding

When two variables are associated in such a way that their effects on outcomes cannot be distinguished.

Treatment

A condition applied to an individual in an experiment.

Experimental units

The smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are applied.

Control

An element of experimental design to account for lurking variables.

Random assignment

The process of randomly assigning experimental units to different treatments.

Replication

Ensuring sufficient experimental units so that repeated experiments yield similar data.

Completely Random Design

A design where treatments are assigned completely by chance.

Randomized block design

A design where experimental units are blocked based on similar characteristics before treatments are assigned.

Matched pairs design

A design that involves matching pairs of similar experimental units for comparison.

Placebo effect

The phenomenon where subjects feel the treatment is working when receiving an inactive treatment.

Single/Double Blind

A technique where neither the subjects nor the evaluators know who received which treatment, to minimize bias.

Statistically significant

An observed effect that is large enough to not likely occur by chance.