Marine Science Final Exam

what is the oxygen minimum zone

500-1000 meters down, no photosynthesis, no mixing, lots of organisms using oxygen

what is the thermocline

change in temperature with depth

what is the halocline

change in salinity with depth

what is the pycholine

change in density with depth

what is the fetch of a wave

how far the wind pushes it

what is the waves crest

the top of it

what is the trough of the wave

the bottom

what is the spring tide

most extreme tide, occurs when the moon is full or new

what is the neap tide

more moderate tides, occurs during quarter moons when the moon in "on top" or "below" the earth

what is the dinural tide cycle

one full tidal cycle every 24hr 50min

what is the semidinural tidal cycle

full tidal cycle every 12hr 24min

what is a mixed tide

Two unequal high and low tides daily

what is the coriolis effect

wind is deflected right in the north, left in the south

what is the ekman spiral

The decreasingly slower movement of water as it gets further away from the wind source

what organism makes up 40% of earths primairy productivity

marine micro organisms

what does monophyletic mean

single common ancestor

what does paraphyletic mean

same group, no single common ancestor

what does polyphyletic mean

different group, no single common ancestor

what are diatoms

most important phytoplankton in temperate seas

what is rhodophyta

red algea (tropical areas)

what is chlorophyta

green algea (mixed temps)

what is phaeophyta

brown algea (temperate regions)

what do all marine flowering plants have

tissues, true flowers, lacunae, true roots, halophytes

what is a protostome

mouth first

what is a deutrostome

anus first

what is radial symmetry

can cut four ways (sea sponges)

what is bilateral symetry

cut in half (humans)

what are inertebrates main eating methods

carnivore, deposit, filter, suspension

what does epifaunal mean

lives on the surface of the substrate

what is infaunal

lives below the sea substrate

what is the phylum porifera

sponges

what are the cnidarians

inverts with stinging cells

what are the hydrozoa

class of cnidaria that have a short medusa stage, example include portuguese man of war

what is the scyphoza

class of cnidarians, true jellyfish (have photoreceptors), predominant medusa stage

what is the anthozoa class

class of cnidarians, includes corals, sea anenomies, no medusa stage

what is the phylum annelida

segmented sea worms

what are hemichordates

acorn worms

what are polychaeta

marine, free living worms

what are lophordata

sessile worms that have a specalized feeding structure called the lopophore

what is phylum mollusca

gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods

what are the bivalvia

clams, oysters, mussels. all are filter feeders

What are cephalopods?

An ocean dwelling mollusk whose foot is adapted to form tentecles

What are gastropods?

one-footed crawlers; snails and slugs

what are the nautiloids

part of the cephlopoda group, more basal, large coiled shells, use jet propulsion

what are the coleoids

part of the cephlopoda group, includes squid and octopus, advanced nervous system, lack shells

what are arthropods

A phylum that is part of invertbrates that have an exoskeleton (external skeleton), a segmented body, and jointed appendages (paired appendages)

what are the mandibulaes

part of the arthropod group, includes crustaceans, copepods, and barnacles. all have three segmented body, two paids on sensory organs, maxilla, and mandibule

what are the chelcierates

part of the arthropod group, includes horseshoe crabs and sea spiders. All have six pairs of appendages, basal group

what are echinoderms

animals with spiny skin, all have bilateral symmetry as larva, bilateral in adults

what animals make up the echinoderm class

sea stars, brittle stars, crinoids, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

what are the defining characteristics of invert chordates

notochords, dorsal nerve cord, post anal tail, pharyngeal slit, and NO backbone

what is the largest marine group

fish (24,000 species)

what is the agnatha group

jawless fish (ex. hagfish)

what is the Chondrichthyes group

cartilaginous fish

what are the elasmobranches

part of the cartl. fish, includes sharks, skates, and rays

what are the halocephlons

part of the cartl. fish, includes chimeras

what are the osteichythes

bony fish

what are the two main groups of bony fish

lobefined and rayfinned

what are the defining features of bony fish

bones, jaws, scales, operculums, movembale fins, some form of swim bladder

what is the evolution of scales in bony fish

ganoid -> cycloid -> ctenoid (think knight armour vs todays bullet proof vests)

what is the singular KEY feature of marine reptiles

the amniotic egg

what are other key features of marine reptiles

copulatory organs, los skin water loss, uric acid, eggs on land, advanced circulatory system, efficent kidneys, skin with few glands, salt galnds, modified limbs

what is the cheloniidea group

the six main, true sea turtles

what is the dermochelydiae group

singular animal, the leatherback sea turtle

what about marine birds allows them to be so successful

homeothermic, four chamered heart, increased metabolism, large brain

what are the major groups of marine birds

shorebirds, gulls, pelicans, tubenoses, penguins

what are the carnivoria group

polar bears, sea otters, all seals

what is the fissipedia group

polar bears, sea otters

what is the pinnipedia group

eared seals, true seals, walruses

what is the otariidae group

eared seals

what is the phocidae group

true seals

what is the obobendiae group

walruses

what organisms make up the sirena group

manatees, dugongs

what is the cetacean group

whales, dolphins

what is the mysticeti group

baleen whales

what is the odontoceti group

toothed whales

what are the diving adaptions of whales

high amounts of hemo and myoglobin, 80-90% oxygen exchange, collapsible lungs and ribs, lowered metabolism and heartbeat, blood is shunted to vitals

what is the most common organism in the upper tidal zone

barnacles

what is the most common organism in the middle intertidal

mussels

what is the most common organism in the lower intertidal zone

sea stars

why do tropical intertidal zones have more diversity but greater predation stress

less stressful weather, allows more species to thrive, survival is now based on competition/predation, not just who can survive these freezing temps

what is the correlation between recruitment and and water flow

more water flow means more recruitment which causes zonation

what is a dissipative beach

active, waves breakoffshore

what is a reflective beach

low energy, waves reflected off nearshore morphology

what are the main types of estuaries

costal plain, tectonic, fjord, tidal flat, delta

how does salinity differ in estuaries

vertically and hositzontally

most estuaries are positive or negative

positive (freshwater outflow more than excess evaporation)

why is productivity so high in estuaries

shallow water (photosynthesis) and high nutreint mixing from fresh and sea water

what is the relative diversity in a salinity gradient

U shaped curve

how much of the oceans productvity do the costal communities makeup

20%

why does the open ocean makeup most of the oceans productivity

based off sheer size, not pound for pound

what is the nertic zone

area over continetal shelf

hardbottom organisms tend to be more

sessile and epifaunal

soft bottomed species tend to be more

benthic, infaunal

there are more ____ feeders in sand, ____ in mud

suspension, deposit

what is the epipelagic zone

0-200m where most sunlight is

what is the mesopelagic zone

200-1000m, some light, sometimes known as the twilight zone

what is the levy walks model

scatter method of foraging used by most open ocean organisms

what benifits do the coral animal get

90% of its nutrients plus oxygen

what benifits do the zooxanthalle get

protection, nutrients, habitat