IUPUI Physio Lab Quiz 5

What is a multimeric protein composed of four polypeptide chains

A molecule of hemoglobin

What makes up the globin portion of hemoglobin

Two alpha Chains into beta chains

Each of these polypeptide chains is bound to ______ group, made up of a porphyrin ring containing an atom of iron

heme

What binds to the iron atom?

The Oxygen

When exposed to oxygen what happens to the hemoglobin molecules in the erythrocytes

They turn bright red

What is hemoglobin with oxygen bound to it called

oxyhemoglobin

When the oxygen is released from the hemoglobin, what is it called?

Deoxyhemoglobin

What can also buying to the iron in the hemoglobin, resulting in a bright red color?

Carbon monoxide

Why can carbon monoxide poisoning lead to hypoxia in Asphyxiation?

Because the oxygen is unable to bind to the hemoglobin molecule

What is hemoglobin with carbon monoxide down to it called

Carboxyhemoglobin

In addition to binding oxygen and carbon monoxide, what other molecules can hemoglobin bind to?

Hydrogen carbon dioxide, and nitric oxide, but these bind to the protein portion, not the iron, and do not turn the hemoglobin, bright red

As hemoglobin releases oxygen into the systemic tissues, what else is released from the hemoglobin

Nitric oxide, which may act as a vasodilator

What is glycosylated hemoglobin?

When a glucose molecule is bound to an amino acid in the protein portion of the hemoglobin

When red blood cells are in the pulmonary circulation, and Pastor the capillaries of the lungs, they release....______ ______ and ______ and picks up _____

Carbon dioxide and hydrogen; oxygen

When the red blood cells are in the systemic circulation in Pass to the capillaries, they release _______ and pick up ______ _______ and _______

Oxygen; Carbon dioxide and hydrogen

What is the oxygen released from the hemoglobin used for

Aerobic cellular, respiration, and ATP production

What are the byproducts of aerobic cellular respiration?

Carbon dioxide and hydrogen

What is anemia?

A condition that limits the ability to transport oxygen in the blood

Anemia occurs when the blood is unable to transport more than approximately ___mL oxygen per dL of whole blood and females and ___mL oxygen per dL of whole blood in males

Female: 16mL

Male: 19mL

Why does the number of RBCs play a key role in the ability of the blood to transport oxygen?

Because the hemoglobin is contained within the RBCs

What is the normal range for a red blood cell count in adult females and males?

Females: 3.9-5.6 million cells per uL of whole blood

Males: 4.5-6.5 million cells per uL of whole blood

What is a erythrocytopenia

low RBC count

What is polycythemia?

too many RBCs

When does polycythemia Vera occur

When there has been no arterial hypoxia

When does secondary polycythemia occur

Usually when a person has experienced systemic arterial hypoxia

- stimulates the release of a erythropoietin from the kidneys, and does increased production of RBCs

What is relative polycythemia

Results in a higher than normal red blood cell count, but not higher than normal total red blood cell mass

- Usually due to water loss or loss of fluids from the plasma

What special slide is used for RBC counts?

Hemocytometer

To perform a RBC count the whole blood must be _____, if not the RBC will be too thick to count

Diluted

What does a hematocrit (hct) determine?

The percentage volume of packed RBCs in a sample of whole blood

Normal range for a hematocrit in adult female and male

Female: 42+- 5

Male: 47+-7

What if the blood drawn into?

A heparinized capillary tube

- heparin is a chemical that prevents clot formation in blood

Normocytic

normal RBC size

Microcytic

pertaining to a small red blood cell

Macrocytic

larger than normal RBC size

What is the tallquist test used for

Uses a colored hemoglobin scale to estimate the amount of hemoglobin in the blood

Normal range for hemoglobin content in females and males

Females: 12-16 g/dL

Males: 14-17 g/dL

How does the tallquist test work

By comparing fresh blood color to the colors of the chart, the hemoglobin content as well as the % of normal can be determined

True or Flase

Because each gram of hemoglobin can transport 1.34mL of O2, the normal person is expected to transport 20.1 mL O2 per dL of whole blood

True

Normochromic

Normal color

Hypochromic

Lighter color

Hyperchromic

Darker than normal color

MCV (mean corpuscular volume)

Is the average volume of an erythrocyte

Average: 87+ - 5

Hematocrit ratio x 10^3/RBC count

MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin)

Is the average amount of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte

MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration)

Is the proportion of hemoglobin per erythrocyte measured as a percent

What is the normal range for a white blood cell count in adults

4,000 to 11,000

Leukopenia

low WBC count

Leukocytosis

Abnormally high WBC count

What is the normal range for a platelet count in adults

150,000-450,00 per uL of whole blood

Thrombocytopenia

low platelet count

thrombocytosis

too many platelets

What are platelets responsible for?

Aggregating and forming a platelet plug at the site of injury

Platelets also secrete several platelet factors including ______

Thromboxane 2, which acts as a vasoconstrictors and also provide positive feedback to activate additional platelets

Once platelets are activated, _________ can bind to fibrinogen receptors on the platelets

Fibrinogen

Platelet factors also play a role in the process of coagulation resulting in the conversion of fibrinogen to _____

Fibrin

Coagulation is plasma losing ______ ______

Fluid consistency

Stage I: coagulation

Prothrombin- converting factor is produced

Stage II: coagulation

The use of prothrombin-converting factor results in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

Stage III: coagulation

The use of thrombin results in the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin.

This is what then forms the fibrin bridges between platelet of the platelet plug, resulting in a clot

What is spirometry?

A breathing test that can be used to assess a persons pulmonary function

What does spirometry measure?

The volume of a persons, inspiration and expiration as well as the flow rate of the moving air

What kind of this test distinguish?

Distinguish between obstructive and restrictive ventilation patterns

What is a respiratory cycle?

A complete cycle of lungs ventilation that starts with inspiration and ends with expiration

What is respiratory rate?

The number of respiratory cycle or breaths per minute

What is total pulmonary (or minute ventilation)?

The total volume of air exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere per minute

Minute ventilation= volume of gas, exchange in ventilation x the respiratory rate

What is the conduction zone?

A passageway for air. It does not allow the exchange of gases between the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system and is considered an atomic dead space.

Only the respiratory zone is involved in the exchange of ______

Gases

What is alveolar ventilation?

The volume of air available in the respiratory zone and thus available for gas exchange

(tidal volume - conduction zone volume) multiplied by the respiratory rate

What is the tidal volume (TV)?

The volume of air exchange per respiratory cycle, generally measured during normal quiet breathing

What is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

The volume of air that can be inhaled above the tidal volume. Inspiration of this volume in addition to the normal tidal volume would completely fill your lungs.

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

The volume of air you can exhale after you have exhaled your tidal volume

What is the residual value (RV)?

The volume of air that remains in your lungs after a maximal expiration. The residual volume is the one volume that is not exchanged.

What is the calculation for inspiratory capacity?

TV+IRV

What is the calculation for vital capacity?

TV+ IRV+ ERV

What is the calculation for a functional residual capacity?

- The starting volume of a breathing cycle

ERV+ RV

What is total lung capacity calculation?

TV+ IRV+ ERV+ RV

Eupnea

normal breathing

hyperpnea

An increase in respiratory rate and/or volumes as a result of an increase in metabolic rate

Hyperventilation

Increase in respiratory rate, and/or volumes, without an increase in metabolic rate

- usually result in a decrease in the partial pressure of systemic arterial carbon dioxide

Hypoventilation

A decrease in respiratory rate and/or volumes, without a decrease in metabolic rate

- Usually result in an increase in the partial pressure of systemic arterial carbon dioxide

Tachypnea

Rapid ventilation generally accompanied by an increase in ventilation volume

Dyspnea

Difficulty in breathing

Voluntary apnea

holding one's breath

Apnea Vera

involuntary cessation of breathing

What respiratory centers work cooperatively to rhythmically stimulate inspiratory muscles (inhalation) and block stimulation of inspiratory muscles (expiration)

Medulla oblongata:

(1) dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

(2) ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Pons:

(3) Pontine respiratory group (PRG)

Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies, and in the aortic arch are sensitive to what

-P co2

-P o2

-P pH

In the systemic arterial blood

Out of those which usually requires the greatest change before it becomes an effective stimulus?

P o2

Information regarding the systemic arterial blood is sent from these chemo receptors to the (___)

(DRG) dorsal respiratory group

What would lead to an increase in minute ventilation?

An increase in P co2, a decrease in blood pH, and a decrease in the P o2

What would lead to a decrease in ventilation?

An decrease in P co2, a increase in blood pH, and a increase in the P o2

Central chemoreceptors in the DRG, respond to the pH of the _______ _______

Cerebrospinal fluid

- H2 does not cross the blood brain barrier well so the detection of changes in the pH of the cerebral spinal fluid is due to the diffusion of CO2 from the blood into the cerebral spinal fluid. Once CO2 is in the cerebral spinal fluid, it is converted to bicarbonate.

What are the normal ranges of P co2, pH, and P o2

P co2 = 40+-5

pH= 7.4 +- 0.05

P o2= 75-100mm Hg

During exercise, the breathing pattern changes from eupnea to ______

Hyperpnea, an increase in respiratory rate, as a result of increased metabolic demand

Hyperventilation

Alveolar ventilation in the resulting external gas exchange that is greater than the metabolic demand.

- Increasing rate and depth of the tidal volume without metabolic activity

- decrease in P co2 " blowing off CO2"

- Increase in pH and P o2

Prolong hyperventilation can lead to respiratory alkalosis resulting in alkalemia (pH> 7.45)

Hypoventilation

Alveolar ventilation in the resulting external gas exchange that is less than

metabolic depend.

- decreasing rate and depth of the tidal volume without decreasing metabolic activity

- Increase in P co2 " blowing off CO2"

- decrease in pH and P o2

Prolong hypoventilation can lead to respiratory acidosis resulting in acidemia (pH<7.35)

apena vera

Occurs when breathing stops involuntarily

Because inspiration require stimulation and normal, expiration is passive, when a persons respiratory center does not stimulate breathing, a person stop before inspiration, and functional residual capacity (FRC)

Can result from low partial pressures of CO2 and high blood pH

If RV increases with the age, how will the other capacities be affected?

IRV: decreases

ERV: deceases

TV: stays the same

IC: decreases

VC: decreases

TLC: stays the same

Individuals with restrictive pulmonary disorder, have lung tissue that is often described as...

Stiff and resistant to expansion

- with the decreased lung compliance, but an increase in lung recoil, respiratory volumes are usually reduced

- Ability to exhales not reduced

Individuals with COPD have a reduced ability to....

Quickly exchange air between the lungs in the environment, but the respiratory volumes that are exchanged are usually normal. It is the airway that restricts the flow of air in and out of the lungs, and ultimately the ability to supply oxygen to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide from the tissues.

- High compliance, and reduced recoil with reduced flow rate

What are the most common restrictive pulmonary diseases?

Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and extrapulmonary RPD