unit 2 mongols and connectivity

flashcards mostly meant for active recall use in retaining info. most answers are in the form of examples, and are not sample answers you would use for a legitimate response (SAQ, DBQ, etc.)

how did the mongols become so powerful and large?

1. military organization into various groups resulted in incredible efficiency
   2. superior weaponry (archery) and skilled horse back riders
   3. their reputation of slaughter, sparing only a few intellectuals in the territories they conquered
   4. pax mongolica, century of peace among the empire that fostered their power and organized into several Khanates by his sons after ghengis Khans death
   

what is one way the mongols fostered technological, intellectual and cultural transfers during their rule?

spared intellectuals in conquests and dispersed them to different parts of the empire encouraging the transfer of ideas, technology and culture

what was an effect of the mongols fostering technological, cultural and intellectual transfers in their empire?

1. the transfer of medical knowledge developed by Greek and Islamic scholars
   2. the adoption of the Uygher script to write their language, which was adopted from conquered people in central Asia.

explain the context of the mongols

temujin was a pastoral nomad living in and around the Gobi desert, became a skilled military leader through diplomacy who united various mongol groups under himself and assumed the title ghengis Khan. conquered vast territories until his sons succeeded him, grew his empire further, and divided his land into several Khanates

how did leaders of the mongols empire adopt cultural norms of their conquered societies

kublai Khan, ruler of the yuan dynasty in China, became a Confucian style leader who united various warring factions in China to appeal to the Chinese as a ruler who possessed the mandate of heaven

how did the mongols facilitate economic prosperity

by ensuring the protection and safety of merchants traveling across the silk roads the mongols invested into infastructure projects such as rebuilding roads and ins and guesthouses where merchants could stop to rest to ensure the continual flow of goods throughout the trade routes

what was an effect of the Mongolian efforts to protect and ensure prosperity along the silk roads

increased the communication and cooperation across Eurasia with the help of the Yam system (series of relay stations across the empire). far-flung parts of the empire were now much more friendly, ex. China and Persian exchanged ambassadors and military intelligence, further increasing trade and wealth among all involved.

how did connectivity affect cultural transfers such as religion?

buddhism spreads from India to China via routes of connectivity such as the silk roads and changed as merchants explained them in terms of daoism, resulting in religious syncretism of buddism + daoism= chan Buddhism.

how did connectivity effect literary and artistic transfers

muslim scholars in the house of wisdom preserved european texts to later spur on its renaissances

how did connectivity effect scientific and technological transfers

paper MAKING from China to Europe along with MOVABLE TYPE modified and adapted by Europeans increased their literacy
the spread of gunpowder over the silkroad via the mongols would influence the balance of power throughout the later world

how did connectivity effect trade and cities?

networks of exchange led to rising power of trading cities such as Kashgar

how could the effects of connectivity prove to be detrimental to some cities?

because militaries also used the same routes, cities such a as Baghdad (sacked by mongols) and constantinople (sacked by ottomans) found themselves under consistant threat and attack,

how did connectivity effect interregional TRAVEL?

the safety and security of trade routes throughout the region allowed for travellers like ibn battuta, a Muslim scholar from Morocco, to travel all over dar-al-islam and create detailed notes of the places, people, rulers, and cultures he encountered to help readers develop a better understanding of far-flung cultures

how did connectivity have environmental consequences, both positive and negative?

the diffusion of crops from trade routes, such as champa rice from the champa kingdom, allowed more food to be incorporated in peoples diets effectively doubling the population in China. connectivity also allowed for the diffusion of disease, such as the bubonic plague which spread and decimated the populations of both the middle east and Europe, in which it killed around half of the people there.