Macromolecules

All carbohydrates contain what functional group/s?

hydroxyl and carbonyl (OH) and (C=O)

How do animals store glucose?

Glycogen

How does Benedict’s solution work?

The carbonyl function group in monosaccharides reduces Cu2+ to Cu+, allowing the formation of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) a red solid

How does the Lugol’s Test for Starch work?

Lugol (or Iodine-Potassium Iodide, I2KI) reacts with starch because the starch molecule is coiled, this effects how the light is reflected

Typically, what are lipids composed of

Glycerol and 2/3 fatty acid chains

What does unsaturation in a fatty acid create 

A kink in the chain, decreasing boiling point 

How does the Sudan III test work?

Sudan III is a reddish/brown, fat-soluble dye and its pigments are absorbed by fats but not by water-soluble substances

What functional groups does an amino acid have?

Amino, R-group, Carboxyl 

What’s the sulfhydryl group?

S-H

What bonds are identifying of the primary structure of a protein?

covalent/peptide bonds

What bonds are identifying of the secondary structure of a protein?

hydrogen bonds 

What bonds are identifying of the tertiary structure of a protein?

hydrogen, ionic, disulfide

What bonds are in the quaternary structure of a protein?

hydrogen, ionic, disulfide

How does the ninhydrin test work

Ninhydrin is reduced by amino acid, The reaction produces ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide, and an aldehyde. Reduced Ninhydrin react with excess ninhydrin and ammonia to produce a purple compound

What’s the reagent to test for starch

IKI / Lugol

What’s the reagent to test for monosacherides

Benedicts Solution + Heat

What’s the reagent to test for amino acids

Ninhydrin

What’s the reagent to test for lipids

Sudan III

What’s the identifying feature of steroids

4 carbon rings

How do plants store carbohydrates

Starch

What is the structural carbohydrate molecule for plants 

Cellulose 

What is the structural carbohydrate for Arthropods/Fungi

Chitin

Structural difference between ribose and deoxyribose

Oxygen on the 2’ carbon

Whats considered a “simple sugar”

mono and disaccharides

What’s maltose consisted of

Two glucose molecules