Comms

semantic interference

When the receiver does not attribute the same meaning to the verbal signal that the sender intended

Pygmalion effect

One's development (and behavior) can be influenced by others' expectations

looking glass self

Evaluating yourself based on how you think others see you

frog pond effect

When we purposely compare ourselves to others who will make us "look good"

selective attention

Ability to process some of the stimuli available to us while filtering out others

Symbol

Something which represents something else. Words are symbols.

Ritual Language

When someone gives you an automated or conventionalized response

Kinesic slip

When the verbal and nonverbal communication contradict one another

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Claims the world is perceived differently by members of different linguistic communities and these differences are sustained by language

Implicit personality theory

a theory the represents behaviors and traits that a person think go together

Convergence

When computing, telecommunications and media merge in a digital environment

Speech communication process model

Situation (setting), channel (medium), interference (internal and external), message & feedback

Filters

Physiological filters: built into humans by their limitations (like hearing ability)

Psychological sets: expectations or predispositions which affect what we perceive (i.e. culture sets expectations for appropriate behavior)

perceptual process

1. select info

2. organize info

3. interpret info

self concept/self esteem

self concept: how you think and feel about yourself, develops from feedback and looking glass self

self esteem: measure of self concept, your feelings of self worth

stereotypes

generalized assumptions about somebody because of their identity or presentation

denotative vs. connotative

deno: dicitionary definition

conno: personal, emotional, cultural assn. with word

distance zones

1. intimate (less than 1.5 ft, primarily nonverbal

2. personal (1.5-4 ft, friends, family, comfortable)

3. social distance (4-12 ft, business & social gatherings)

4. public distance (12+ ft, requires louder voice)

how much comm is nonverbal?

93%, majority gesture and posture, rest is tone

types of nonverbal comm

paralanguage: variation in speech (vol., tone, pitch)

kinesics: facial expression, eye mvmt, gestures

haptics: having to do with touch (like a handshake)

proxemics: interpersonal space

chronemics: time-based (late, early, absent, etc.)

Iconics: object interpretation (bald eagle = freedom, etc)

oculesics: having to do with eyes

olfactics: having to do with smell

emblems, regulators, adaptors, illustrators

emblems: body movements that translate directly into words

illustrators: accent, emphasize, or reinforce words

regulators: control back and forth flow of speaking

adaptors: NV ways of adapting to a situation (rolling up sleeves from heat, etc)

how many recognizable emotions in the face?

17

listening process

Listening = process of attending to, hearing, understanding, and remembering

• concentration = most important part

• there are more stimuli than we can physically process, requires selective attention (cocktail party effect) because multitasking is ineffective

listening vs. hearing

listening is psychological, hearing is physiological

listening levels

1. Hearing

2. Listening to understand content

3. Listening to retain content

4. listening to analyze and evaluate content

5. Listening to help others (active and empathetic)

appeasement

refers to the sacrifice of one's own goals for the

sake of harmony

ethics

The study of the general nature of morals

and of the specific moral choices

to be made by a person.

Second level effects (relating to tech)

subsequent, unforeseen effects (i.e. blue light damage, shoulder/neck pain from hunching, etc.)

8 elements of a news story

Impact: story has significant impact to people

Timeliness: story covering event at specific time/date (like a notice)

Prominence: covers an important person's actions

Proximity: story covering something close to your home

Bizarre: story covering something unique or strange

Conflict: story covering any kind of conflict

Currency: something happening now (live broadcast)

Human interest: feelgood story about something positive

implicit personality theory

we judge people based on what traits we think someone in their position should have

primacy effect

first info we receive about someone is most decisive in forming our impression

men vs. women language use

men: report facts, not probing

women: rapport talk, based on establishing relationship

4 categories of speech

verbal/vocal (spoken)

verbal/non-vocal (writing)

nonverbal/vocal (noises)

nonverbal/non-vocal (gesture, appearance, etc.)

3 functions of NVC

1. replaces verbal message

2. reinforces verbal message

3. contradicts verbal message (shake yes, say no)

mass communication

More limited sensory input for receivers

Receivers have little or no control over the source, don't play an active feedback role

Sources relatively unknown

Not direct

Mass comm goes through gatekeepers

hypodermic needle model

media is so strong in its ability to influence that it is almost like a direct injection of information into the receiver