micro exam 1

Microbes

organism that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

Metabolism

Total of ALL chemical reactions in the cell. These chemical reactions provide energy and create substrates that sustain life

Microbiology

the study of microscopic organism

3 Domains of life

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Dividing trait of prokaryote vs eukaryote

having a nucleus

Carl Woese

1977, relied on ribosomal sequences to divide microbes. Defined the arechaea

How do you classify a microorganis,

genus, species, strain

Bacteria General Characteristics

prokaryotes, single celled, nutrition from everything, have a cell wall of peptidoglycan, move with flagella, are pathogenic, some are extremophiles

Archaea General characteristics

prokaryote, single celled, organic or inorganic, have a cell wall, move with flagella, not pathogenic, most are extremophiles

Protozoan general characteristics

eukaryotic, single celled, organic and some photosynthesis, no cell wall, move with flagella and cilia, are pathogenic and rarely extremophiles

Algae General Characterisitcs

eukaryotic, single and multicellular, photosynthesis, have a cell wall, rarely motil not pathogenic, not extremophiles

Fungi general charcterisitcs

eukaryotic, single or multicellular, organic, have a cell wall, rarely motile, are pathogenic and not extremophiles

Helminths General Characteristics

eukaryotic, multicellular, organic, not cell wall, not motile, are pathogenic, not extremophiles

Hooke

built the first compound microscope, looked at cork, mold and nematodes early 1600s

Leuwonhoek

father of microbiology, observed bacteria with a stronger single lens microscope, early 1600s

Jenner

Late 1700s, developed the smallpox vaccine through cowpox

Pasteur

Late 1700s and early 1800s proved bacteria were living and can produce and possibly cause disease, no spontaneous generations, fermentation produces alcohol or lactic acid

Koch

isolated colonies and proved that certain microorganism cause certain diseases mid 1800s

Hans Christiam

various stains, developed the gram stain late 1800s

Winogradsky

lithotropy and nitrogen fixation, late 1800s

Ehrlich

chemically synthesized antimicrobial drug, early 1900s

Fleming

discovered penicillin the first antibiotic, early 1900s

Antiseptic

antimicrobial on living tissue

Disinfection

chemically treat instruments to prevent disease (lister)

Cell Morphology: Bacilli

rods

Cell Morphology: Spirochetes

long corkscrews, highly motile

Cell Morphology: Cocci

spheres

Cell Morphology: Vibrio

commas

Cell Morphology: Spirilla

short spirals, rigid compared to spirochetes

Strepto

chain like arrangement

Diplo

paris arrangement

Tetrads

clover like arrangements

Sarcineas

cuboidal

Staphylo

cluster arrangement

Three parts of the bacteria cell structure

envelope, cytoplasm, nucleiod

Envelop

capsule, cell wall, cell membrane

Cytoplasm includes…

proteins and marcromolecles

Nucleiod

region of the bacterial cell the holds chromosomes and plasmids, holds DNA binding proteins

Bacteria Cell Wall

made of peptidoglycan, NAG/NAM disaccharides and short peptide chains

Gram + cell

stain purple, thick peptidoglycan layer, include teichoic acids

Gram - cell

thin cell wall layer of peptidoglycan, stain pink, include inner and outer membrane separated by the peroplasm

LPS

on gram negative outer membrane, include an O polysaccharide for identification, a core polysaccharide and lipid A

What do LPS cells do

can bind to immune cells and initiate a proinflammatory response

Beta Lactam

antibiotics that inhibit the formation of the short peptide chains, these inhibit the enzymes

Lysozome

human enzyme that can break down the glycan chain

What is true about Antibiotic resistance in Gram -/+ cells?

Gram positive cells are more susceptible to antibiotics because there is no outer membrane blocking the peptidoglycan layer, Gram - cells are harder to treat because few drugs can pass the outer membrane

Gram stain

differential stain that turns positive purple, and negative red. the defining step is the decolorization step in adding alcohol. The peptidoglycan holds onto the purple stain, while gram negative cells are re-stained with the safranin.

Gram variable cells

cells that cannot be accurately depicted through a gram stain, this could be old cells or cells that are gram + but have a thin PG wall and are mistaken as gram -

Mycobacteria

similar to gram + in relation to their cell walls, they include a waxy mycolic acid that prevents the fram strain, so Acid fast staining is used

Mycoplasma

only have a cell membrane there is no peptidoglycan layer or outer membrane, they can easily change shape. They will gram stain neg because no PG to hold onto stain but not actually considered sterols are added to the membrane to increase rigidity

Simple diffusion

move through the membrane without assistance with the concentration gradient small hydrophobic molecules

Facilitated Transport

aid of a pore or channel across a membrane could be passive or active transport

Passive transport

down the concentration gradient, using a pore or gated channel, isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions

Active transport

move against the concentration gradient with the use of energy, ATP, grandiet, light or metabolite

Metabolite

similar molecule to ATP to use energy in active transport group translocation

ABC transporters

ATP binding cassette, atp binds outer membrane complex, ATPase converts ADP to ATP, these are associated with active transport and sometimes use siderophores

siderophores

help find scarce materials needed in the cell often used in conjunction with ABC transporters

Secretion

process of large molecules like protein and DNA to cross the membrane. Requires ATP and efflux pumps (bacteria) or ER (eukaryotes)

Why might bacteria use efflux pumps ans secretion

to expel toxic substances such as antibiotics

Plasmolysis

collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water

Chromosome

essential gene, one per cell, circular

Plasmids

circular, small many copies of DNA that are transferred to other cells through horizontal gene transfer

Ribosomes

protein synthesis through translation, 2 subunits, 70s density for prokaryotic

Why do Eukaryotes have 70s ribosomes?

Endosymbiotic Theory

Endosymbiotic Theory

Lynn Margilus in the 1970s discovered that a larger cell engulfed a smaller cell to form a eukaryotic cell through a symbiotic relationship

Glycocalyx

sugar shell of mostly polysaccharides allows attachment and protection can help in the initials formation of Biofilms since evade phagocytosis because it marks as sugar cell

Flagella

protein filament used for motility, propellor movement powered by proton gradient anchors in the cell envelop

Chemotaxis

cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus CCW swim

Prokaryotic flagella

powered by proton gradient, propellor motion anchored in cell envelop

Eukaryotic flagell

whip like motion powered by ATP, cytoskeleton extension

S-Layer

lattice structure outside of the peptidoglycan layer, strengthens the cell wall and helps to avoid the host immune system alongside glycocalyx

Pili

protein polymers such as fimbriae and conjunction pili

Fimbriae

type of pili that attached the cell to other surfaces

Conjection Pili

type of pili the facilitates DNA transfer between cells

Stalks

membranous extensions that secrete adhesion factors

Endoflagella

flagella trapped under outer sheath so its not in the environment, in spirochetes and corkscrew motility proteins can't recognize and highly motile in viscous envrinments

Catabolism

the breakdown of molecules releases energy

Anabolism

the building up of molecules requires energy

Metabolite

a product of metabolism

Enzymes in Metabolism

control the reactions by lowering the activation energy, affected by temp, pH, salt and cofactors, the end product often inhibits the feedback loop

Substrate level phosphorylation

when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group form a substrate molecule to release energy with the breakdown of ATP, like glycolysis and kreb cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

uses a proton motor force to break down AtP, uses ATP synthase across a membrane. Such as respiration

Photophosphorylation

light energy generates a proton motor force across a membrane to power ATP synthase photosynthesis is and example

Phototroph

a cell the obtains its energy from light

Chemorganotroph

a cell obtains its energy from organic chemicals

Chemolithotroph

a cell that obtains its energy from inorganic chemical such as minerals

Electron Carriers

act as energy carriers through redox reactions highly used in catabolism

Reduction

the gain of electrons or a hydrogen atom

Oxidation

the loss of electrons or loss of a hydrogen atom

Central Carbon Catbolism

• carbon sources like glucose are chemically broken down

• reactions are oxidative

• completed via respiration or fermentation

Glycolysis

glucose to pyruvate oxidation

2 pyruvate, 4 atp, and 2 NADH are produced substrate level phosphorylation

Anaerobic

What enters glycolysis?

one glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, and 2 ADP

What exits glycolysis

2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

What pathways can pyruvate be used for?

fermentation, respiration

What pathways are parallel to glycolysis?

Pentose Phosphate Pathway, and Entner-Doudoroff Pathway