chapter 13 endocrine

hormones

chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands directly into bloodstream

endocrine glands

produce hormones, no ducts

endo

within

-crine

secrete

pituitary gland

hypophysis, pea sized gland divided into anterior and posterior lobes

adrenocorticotropic hormone

stimulates growth and secretions of adrenal cortex

adren/o

adrenal

cortic/o

cortex

trop

change

follicle stimulating hormone

stimulates secretion of estrogen and growth of ova eggs in ovaries and sperm in testicles

growth hormone

somatotropic hormone, regulates bone, muscle and body tissue growth

somat/o

body

lactogenic hormone

prolactin, stimulates secretion of breast milk

lact/o

milk

gen

producing

luteinizing hormone

stimulates ovulation and secretion of testosterone

melanocyte stimulating hormone

increases production of melanin, darkening skin pigmentation, increases during pregnancy

thyroid stimulating hormone

secretion of hormones by thyroid gland

antidiuretic hormone

secreted by hypothalamus and stored in pituitary gland, controls blood pressure, reduced water excreted through kidneys

diuretic

increases amount of urine secretion

oxytocin

stimulates uterine contractions during birth

oxy-

swift

-tocin

labor

pitocin

synthetic form of oxytocin to induce or speed up labor

pineal gland

small endocrine gland, pineal body, in the central portion of the brain

melatonin

influenced sleek wakefulness portions of circadian cycle

circadian cycle

biological functions that occur within a 24 hour period

thyroid gland

is on either side of larynx below thyroid cartilage

metabolism

process involving body’s use of nutrients and the rate they are used

thyroid secretions

influence growth and functioning of nervous system

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

primary thyroid hormones, regulate rate of metabolism and affect growth and rate of body systems

thyroid stimulating hormone

controls rate of secretion of thyroxine and triiodothyronine

calcitonin

works with parathyroid hormone do decrease calcium levels in blood and tissues, moves calcium into bones and teeth, produced by thyroid gland

parathyroid glands

size of grain of rice, in posterior surface of thyroid gland

parathyroid hormone

works with calcitonin, together they regulate calcium levels in blood and tissues

thymus

near the midline in anterior portion of thoracic cavity

thymosin

in immune system, stimulates maturation of lymphocytes into T cells

pancreas

feather shaped organ, posterior to the stomach, part of digestive and endocrine systems

pancreatic islets

parts of pancreas that have endocrine functions

islet

small isolated mass, island, of one type of tissue within large mass of different type

glucose

basic form of energy used by body

blood sugar

glucose in the bloodstream

glucagon

hormone secreted by alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to low glucose

gluc/o and glyc/o

glucose or sugar

insulin

hormone secreted by beta cells of pancreatic islets in response to high glucose

adrenal glands

suprarenals, located on top of each kidney

adrenal cortex

outer portion of adrenal gland

adrenal medulla

middle portion of adrenal glands

electrolytes

mineral substances-calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium- found in blood and body fluids

androgens

sex hormones secreted by gonads, adrenal cortex, and fat cells

corticosteroids

steroid hormones produced by adrenal cortex

aldosterone

corticosteroid that regulates the sodium and water levels in the body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys

reabsorption

returning to substance in the bloodstream

cortisol

hydrocortisone, corticosteroid that has anti inflammatory action, regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the body

epinephrine

adrenaline, stimulates sympathetic nervous system in response to stress, fear or injury

norepinephrine

hormone and neurohormone, released as a hormone by adrenal medulla and neurohormone by sympathetic nervous system

gonads

gamete producing glands, ovaries and testicles

secondary sex characteristics

features that distinguish two sexes, not related to reproduction

puberty

process of physical changes

precocious puberty

early onset changes of puberty, before 8 in girls and 9 in boys

precocious

exceptionally early in development

estrogen

hormone secreted by ovaries, development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics, regulation of menstrual cycle

progesterone

hormone released during second half of menstrual cycle by corpus luteum in the ovary, completes preparation of uterus for pregnancy

gamete

reproductive cell, sperm or ova

gonadotropin

any hormone that stimulates gonads

tropin

stimulate

androgens

sex hormones, mostly testosterone, secreted by gonads, adrenal cortex and fat cells, develop and maintain male sex characteristics

testosterone

steroid hormone secreted by testicles and adrenal cortex to develop male secondary sex characteristics

steroids

large family of hormones derived from cholesterol

anabolic steroids

man made substances that are chemically related to male sex hormones, treat hormone problems or athlete use

leptin

hormone secreted by fact cells, regulation of appetite

ghrelin

hormone produced in gastrointestinal trac, hunger hormone, Growth Hormone Releasing

neurohormones

produced by neurons in the brain, delivered to organs and tissues in the bloodstream

endocrinologist

physician who specialized in diagnosing and treating diseases of endocrine glands

endocrin

secrete within

certified diabetes educator

professional that teaches people how to manage diabetes

acromegaly

rare hormonal disorder, abnormal enlargement of hands and feet, excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty

acr/o

extremeties

gigantism

abnormal growth of entire body, excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty

hyperpituitarism

excess secretion of growth hormone that causes both acromegaly and gigantism

pituitar

pituitary

hypopituitarism

pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone, short stature, dwarfism

pituitary adenoma

pituitary tumor, slow growing benign tumor of pituitary gland

functional pituitary tumor

produces hormones in large and unregulated amountsg

galactorrhea

excess production of breast milk, not due to childbirth

prolactinoma

benign functional pituitary tumor, produces too much prolactin, infertility in women, erectile dysfunction in men and visual impairment

pro-

behalf of

lactin

milk

diabetes insipidus

uncommon disorder caused by insufficient production of antidiuretic hormone, kidneys don’t respond to hormone, extreme thirst and frequent urination

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

overproduction of antidiuretic hormone, result of cancer or treatment and causes bloating

pinealoma

tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin

pineal

pineal gland

thyroid carcinoma

most common cancer in endocrine system, rapidly increasing in the u.s, more in women, 20-55

hypothyroidism

underactive thyroid, deficiency of thyroid secretion, fatigue, depression, sensitivity to cold, decreased metabolic rate

hashimotos disease

hashimotos thyroiditis, autoimmune disease, body’s own antibodies destroy thyroid gland, leads to hypothyroidism

cretinism

congenital form of hypothyroidism, causes arrested physical and mental development

myxedema

adult hypothyroidism, extreme lack of thyroid secretion, swelling around eyes and cheeks, fatigue, subnormal temperature

hyperthyroidism

thyrotoxicosis, overproduction of thyroid hormones, imbalance of metabolism

graves’ disease

disorder of unknown cause, immune system attacks thyroid gland, excessive amounts of thyroid hormone

goiter

thyromegaly, benign enlargement of the thyroid gland