Cognitive Development | DEVPSYCH (MIDTERMS)

Cognitive Development

This refers to the growth of mental abilities such as thinking, learning, problem-solving, memory, and language.

behaviorist, psychometric, piagetian, information processing, cognitive neuroscience and social contextual approach

These are said ‘Six Approaches’. Which of these choices are not are wrong?

Behaviorist Approach 

This approach studies basic mechanics of learning. Behaviorists are

concerned with how behavior changes in response to

experience.

Operant Conditioning

This focuses on the consequences of behaviors and how they

affect the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

Specifically, behaviors may be reinforced and become more

likely to occur, or they may be punished and become less

likely to occur.

Classical Conditioning

It is an unconscious learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring stimulus, causing it to elicit a learned response

Psychometric Approach

This approach focuses on measures that has quantitative differences in

abilities that make up intelligence by using

tests that indicate or predict these

abilities.

Piagetian Approach

This approach prefers looking at changes, or stages, in the quality of

cognitive functioning. It is concerned with how the

mind structures its activities and adapts to the

environment.

Sensorimotor stage

Children (0-2 years) learn through their senses and actions. They start to understand object permanence. In which stage is this base from the ‘Piagetian Approach’

Preoperational stage

Which stage is this from the Piagetian approach: Children (2-7 years) begin to use symbols (like words and images) but don't yet understand logical principles. They are egocentric, meaning they have difficulty seeing things from others' perspectives.

Concrete operational stage

Which stage is this: Children (7-11 years) start to think logically about concrete events. They understand concepts like conservation and can perform operations mentally but still struggle with abstract concepts.

Formal operational stage

Adolescents (12+ years) develop the ability to think abstractly, logically, and systematically. They can solve hypothetical problems and think about potential outcomes. This stage refers to?

Use of reflexes

From Piagetian approach, what occurs in this period? (birth to 1 month)

Primaru Circular reactions

From Piagetian approach, what occurs in this period? (1 to 4 months)

Secondary Circular reactions

From Piagetian approach, what occurs in this period? (4 to 8 months)

Coordination of secondary schemes

From Piagetian approach, what occurs in this period? (8 to 12 months)

Tertiary circular reactions

From Piagetian approach, what occurs in this period? (12 to 18 months)

Mental combinations

From Piagetian approach, what occurs in this period? (18 to 24 months)

Information-processing Approach

This approach refers to researchers analyze the separate parts of a complex task to figure out what abilities are necessary for each part of the task and at what age these abilities develop.

Habituation 

This Type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response.

Dishabituation 

This Increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus.

Cognitive neuroscience approach

Is An approach examining the hardware of the central nervous system to identify what brain structures are involved in specific areas of cognition.

Implicit Memory 

This refers to remembering that occurs without effort or even

conscious awareness, for example, knowing how to tie your

shoe or throw a ball.

Explicit Memory

This also called declarative memory, is conscious or intentional recollection, usually of facts, names, events, or other things that can be stated or declared. (Hint: Explicit) 

Social-contextual approach

Researchers influenced by Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory study how cultural context affects early social interactions that may promote cognitive competence.

Language Development 

This is a development; communication system based on words and

grammar. Once children know words, they can use them to represent objects and actions

Classical and Operant Conditioning

1.What learning processes are used in the Behaviorist approach?

Piagetian approach

2. It is an approach named after Piaget, where it looks at changes or stages of cognitive functions

four stages

3. How many stages are there in the Piagetian Approach?

By age three years old

4. At what age are communicative abilities fairly well developed?

False

5. True or False. Deaf children cannot learn sign language similarly to how hearing children learn spoken language.